朱英;胡双庆;沈根祥;张洪昌;杨灿;

• 1:上海市环境科学研究院
• 2:华东理工大学

摘要(Abstract)：

家用消毒剂大量用于日常生活中,进入水体环境后对水生生物产生潜在危害效应,目前尚缺乏保护水生生物安全的生态效应阈值。本研究以2种典型家用消毒剂(有效成分分别为对氯间二甲苯酚和次氯酸钠,前者命名为消毒剂A、后者为消毒剂B)为研究对象,开展其对8种不同营养级淡水水生生物的急性毒性效应研究。结果表明,除底栖动物外,消毒剂B对藻类、溞类和鱼类的急性毒性均高于消毒剂A;我国本土种稀有鮈鲫对2种消毒剂的敏感性高于其他2种鱼类;2种消毒剂对藻类的毒性高低均为近头状伪蹄形藻>斜生栅藻>蛋白核小球藻;近头状伪蹄形藻对2种消毒剂最敏感。基于上述毒性数据构建了物种敏感分布(SSD)曲线,计算对保护95%的物种不受影响时所对应的污染物浓度(HC5),并结合评估因子法推导出2种消毒剂预测无效应浓度(PNEC)值作为急性生态效应阈值,消毒剂A和消毒剂B的PNEC值分别为13.16 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分对氯间二甲苯酚PNEC值为0.33 mg·L~(-1))和0.71 mg·L~(-1)(有效成分次氯酸钠PNEC值为0.01 mg·L~(-1)),消毒剂A对淡水生物的PNEC比消毒剂B大了一个数量级,表明相较于消毒剂B,消毒剂A对水生态环境更为友好。本研究结果可为制订典型家用消毒剂的水质基准提供科学依据。

关键词(KeyWords)： 家用消毒剂;对氯间二甲苯酚;次氯酸钠;淡水水生生物;毒性效应;物种敏感度分布;急性生态效应阈值

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 上海市环境科学研究院科技创新基金(CX201605)

作者(Author): 朱英;胡双庆;沈根祥;张洪昌;杨灿;

Email:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]赵高峰,杨林,周怀东,等.北京某污水处理厂出水中药物和个人护理品的污染现状[J].中国环境监测,2011,27:63-66Zhao G F,Yang L,Zhou H D,et al.Pollution status of pharmaceuticals and personal care productions in a certain sewage plant in Beijing[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2011,27:63-66(in Chinese)
• [2]Yu J T,Bouwer E J,Coelhan M.Occurrence and biodegradability studies of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage effluent[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,86:72-80
• [3]Zhao J L,Zhang Q Q,Chen F,et al.Evaluation of triclosan and triclocarban at river basin scale using monitoring and modeling tools:Implications for controlling ofurban domestic sewage discharge[J].Water Research,2013,47(1):395-405
• [4]李雪春,张卫国,林野.2014年贵州省丰水期市政水厂出厂水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳监测结果分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2015,25(9):1426-1431Li X C,Zhang W G,Lin Y.Analysis on monitoring results of trichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride in municipal product water in Guizhou Province during rain season in 2014[J].Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology,2015,25(9):1426-1431(in Chinese)
• [5]刘伟,翟崇治,刘萍,等.长江某断面挥发性有机污染物监测浅析[J].三峡环境与生态,2012,34(1):44-46Liu W,Zhai C Z,Liu P,et al.Study on volatile organic compounds determination in surface water samples from Yangtze River[J].Environment and Ecology in the Three Gorges,2012,34(1):44-46(in Chinese)
• [6]余丽琴,赵高峰,冯敏,等.典型氯酚类化合物对水生生物的毒性研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2013,8(5):658-670Yu L Q,Zhao G F,Feng M,et al.Toxicological effects of typical chlorophenol chemicals on aquatic organisms[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2013,8(5):658-670(in Chinese)
• [7]Jin X W,Zha J M,Xu Y P,et al.Toxicity of pentachlorophenol to native aquatic species in the Yangtze River[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2012,19(3):609-618
• [8]Orte M R D,Carballeira C,Viana I G,et al.Assessing the toxicity of chemical compounds associated with marine land-based fish farms:The use of mini-scale microalgal toxicity tests[J].Chemistry and Ecology,2013,29(6):554-563
• [9]Souza A G,Costa L M,Augusti R,et al.Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS)monitoring of the photolysis of diazinon in aqueous solution:Degradation route and toxicity of by-products against Artemia salina[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health,Part B,2013,48(3):171-176
• [10]雷炳莉,许洁,孙延枫,等.基于本土物种的3种典型化合物急性生态效应阈值研究[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(1):139-150Lei B L,Xu J,Sun Y F,et al.The study of acute ecological threshold(PNECs)of three typical compounds based on the acute toxicity of native aquatic species[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2015,10(1):139-150(in Chinese)
• [11]刘良,颜小品,王印,等.应用物种敏感性分布评估多环芳烃对淡水生物的生态风险[J].生态毒理学报,2009,4(5):647-654Liu L,Yan X P,Wang Y,et al.Assessing ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)to freshwater organisms by species sensitivity distributions[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2009,4(5):647-654(in Chinese)
• [12]US EPA.Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses[R].Washington D C,USA:Office of Research and Development,1985:1-57
• [13]Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Guidance document for aquatic effect assessment[R].Paris,France:OECD,1995
• [14]Klepper O,Van D M D.Mapping the potentially affected fraction(PAF)of species as an indicator of toxic stress[R].Bilthoven:Netherlands National Institute of Public Health and the Environment,1997
• [15]赵佳懿,杜建国,陈彬,等.应用物种敏感性分布评估九龙江口水体重金属生态风险[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(2):400-407Zhao J Y,Du J G,Chen B,et al.Assessing ecological risks of heavy metals to marine organisms in the Jiulongjiang Estuary by species sensitivity distribution[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(2):400-407(in Chinese)
• [16]肖鹏飞,林晓雅,刘毅华,等.基于物种敏感性分布法的毒死蜱对稻田生态系统生态风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(3):398-407Xiao P F,Lin X Y,Liu Y H,et al.Application of species sensitivity distribution in aquatic ecological risk assessment of chlopyrifos for paddy ecosystem[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2017,12(3):398-407(in Chinese)
• [17]汪涛,杨再福,陈勇航,等.地表水中磺胺类抗生素的生态风险评价[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(9):1508-1514Wang T,Yang Z F,Chen Y H,et al.Ecological risk assessment for sulfonamides in surface waters[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(9):1508-1514(in Chinese)
• [18]刘亚莉,谢玉为,张效伟,等.应用物种敏感性分布评价敌敌畏对淡水生物的生态风险[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(2):531-538Liu Y L,Xie Y W,Zhang X W,et al.Assessing ecological risks of dichlorvos to freshwater organisms by species sensitivity distribution[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2016,11(2):531-538(in Chinese)
• [19]张铃松,王业耀,刘方,等.近岸海域典型水体中镉的水生态风险评估[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(2):382-393Zhang L S,Wang Y Y,Liu F,et al.Ecological risk as-sessment of cadmium in Chinese typical offshore marine environment[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2015,10(2):382-393(in Chinese)
• [20]汪贞,杨先海,范德玲,等.应用物种敏感性分布评估三氯卡班对我国淡水环境的生态风险[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(10):921-927Wang Z,Yang X H,Fan D L,et al.Ecological risk assessment of triclocarban in fresh water of China by species sensitivity distribution[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(10):921-927(in Chinese)
• [21]金小伟,王业耀,王子健.淡水水生态基准方法学研究:数据筛选与模型计算[J].生态毒理学报,2014,9(1):1-13Jin X W,Wang Y Y,Wang Z J.Methodologies for deriving aquatic life criteria(ALC):Data screening and model calculating[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2014,9(1):1-13(in Chinese)
• [22]张向兵,刘吉起,白燕.高效液相色谱法测定消毒剂中对氯间二甲苯酚含量的观察[J].中国消毒学杂志,2010,27(4):425-426Zhang X B,Liu J Q,Bai Y.Observation measurement of PCMX in disinfectant by HPLC[J].Chinese Journal Disinfection,2010,27(4):425-426(in Chinese)
• [23]Stephan C E,Mount D I,Hansen D J,et al.Guideline for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organism and their uses[R].Springfield,VA:National Technical Information Service(NTIS),1985:22-55
• [24]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 21805—2008化学品藻类生长抑制试验[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008
• [25]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 21830—2008化学品溞类急性动抑制试验[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008
• [26]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 27861—2011化学品鱼类急性毒性试验[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011
• [27]赵志刚.硝基苯等污染物对4种中国土著水生生物的毒性研究[D].南京:南京大学,2011:13-14Zhao Z G.Toxicity studies of several pollutants on four indigenous aquatic organisms of China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2011:13-14(in Chinese)
• [28]RIVM.ETX 2.0.A program to calculate hazardous concentration and fraction affected based on normally distributed toxicity data[R].Bilthoven,Netherlands:National Institute for Public Health and the Environment,2004
• [29]De L F,De Schamphelaere K A,Vanrolleghem P A,et al.Do we have to incorporate ecological interactions in the sensitivity assessment of ecosystems?An examination of a theoretical assumption underlying species sensitivity distribution models[J].Environment International,2008,34(3):390-396
• [30]European Commission Joint Research Centre.Technical guidance document on risk assessment[EB/OL].(2011-3-10)[2018-01-22].http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/DOCUMENTS/TECHNICAL_GUIDANCE_DOCUMENT/EDITION_2/tgdpart2_2ed.pdf
• [31]Liu N,Wang Y Y,Yang Q,et al.Probabilistic assessment of risks of diethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)in surface waters of China on reproduction of fish[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,213:482-488
• [32]王菲,廖静,茅丹俊,等.中国典型河湖水体铅的水生生物安全基准与生态风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(3):434-445Wang F,Liao J,Mao D J,et al.Aquatic quality criteria and ecological risk assessment for lead in typical waters of China[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2017,12(3):434-445(in Chinese)
• [33]Balk F,Okkerman P C,Dogger J W.Guidance document for aquatic effects assessment[R].Paris:Environment Directorate of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,1995:28-30
• [34]U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Interim policy:Acute endangered species level of concern(LOC)for terrestrial invertebrates[R].Washington DC:The Environmental Fate and Effects Division(EFED)of US EPA,2007
• [35]Ebenezer V,Ki J S.Biocide sodium hypochlorite decreases pigment production and induces oxidative damage in the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides[J].Algae,2014,29(4):311-319
• [36]Caldwell D J,Mastrocco F,Anderson P D,et al.Predicted-no-effect concentrations for the steroid estrogens estrone,17β-estradiol,estriol,and 17α-ethinylestradiol[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2012,31:1396-1406
• [37]雷炳莉,孙延枫,刘倩,等.风险污染物短期高剂量暴露下的生态风险评估方法[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3240-3246Lei B L,Sun Y F,Liu J,et al.Method of ecological risk assessment for risk pollutants under short-term and high dose exposure in water pollution accident[J].Environment Science,2011,32(11):3240-3246(in Chinese)
• [38]Hoke R A,Bouchelle L D,Ferrell B D,et al.Comparative acute freshwater hazard assessment and preliminary PNEC development for eight fluorinated acids[J].Chemosphere,2012,87(7):725-733