高小中;许宜平;王子健;

• 1:中国科学院生态环境研究中心中国科学院饮用水科学与技术重点实验室
• 2:中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境水质学国家重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)是目前被广泛使用的阻燃剂添加成份,其具有神经、生殖、基因等生物毒性,且具有致癌性。作为新一类污染物,有机磷酸酯在环境中越来越多的释放引起了环境研究者的关注。文章综述了OPEs在水体、土壤、空气和生物体中的暴露浓度,并介绍了OPEs在环境中的各种迁移转化途径。目前针对OPEs的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。OPEs的多种迁移途径已得到证实,但相关物理化学转化和生物转化机制研究尚不完整。最后对OPEs的进一步研究提出了展望,以期促进我国OPEs的生态风险研究。

关键词(KeyWords)： 有机磷酸酯;阻燃剂;环境暴露;迁移转化

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金重点项目(21437006);; 国家863计划重大项目课题(2012AA06A302)

作者(Author): 高小中;许宜平;王子健;

Email:

DOI:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]European Flame Retardants Association(EFRA).How do they work?[OL].[2015-03-01].http://www.cefic-efra.com/index.php/en/how-do-they-work
• [2]Van Der Veen I,De Boer J.Phosphorus flame retardants:Properties,production,environmental occurrence,toxicity and analysis[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(10):1119-1153
• [3]蔡哲,张宏,贺红武.有机磷阻燃剂研究新进展[J].精细化工中间体,2010,40(4):6-13Cai Z,Zhang H,He H W.Recent achievements of organophosphorus flame retardants[J].Fine Chemcial Intermediates,2010,40(4):6-13(in Chinese)
• [4]管兴华.有机磷酸酯阻燃剂的综述[J].粘接,2009,30(10):62-66Guan X H.Review of organophosphorus flame retardants[J].Zhanjie,2009,30(10):62-66(in Chinese)
• [5]高立红,厉文辉,史亚利,等.有机磷酸酯阻燃剂分析方法及其污染现状研究进展[J].环境化学,2014,33(10):1751-1761Gao L H,Li W H,Shi Y L,et al.Analytical methods and polution status of organophosphate flame retardants[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(10):1751-1761(in Chinese)
• [6]王晓伟,刘景富,阴永光.有机磷酸酯阻燃剂污染现状与研究进展[J].环境进展,2010,22(10):1983-1992Wang X W,Liu J F,Yin Y G.The polution status and research progress on organophosphate esters flame retardants[J].Progress in Chemistry,2010,22(10):1983-1992(in Chinese)
• [7]曾铭,苏小东,蒋小良,等.有机磷酸酯阻燃剂分析方法研究进展[J].化学试剂,2013,35(5):423-426Zeng M,Su X D,Jiang X L,et al.Progress of analytical method of organophosphorus flame retardants[J].Chemical Reagent,2013,35(5):423-426(in Chinese)
• [8]梁钪,牛宇敏,刘景富.超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定污水中14种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂[J].环境化学,2014,33(10):1681-1685Liang K,Niu Y M,Liu J F.Determination of 14 organophosphate ester flame retardants in wastewater by UPLCMS/MS[J].Environmental Chemsitry,2014,33(10):1681-1685(in Chinese)
• [9]Seach Chemspider[OL].[2015-01-03].http://www.chemspider.com/
• [10]Chemical Book[OL].[2015-01-03].http://www.chemicalbook.com/Product Index.aspx
• [11]World Health Organization.Environmental Health Criteria209,Flame retardants:Tris(chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate[R].Geneva:WHO,1998
• [12]Boatman R J,Corley R A,Green T,et al.Review of studies concerning the tumorigenicity of 2-butoxyethanol in B6C3F1 mice and its relevance for human risk assessment[J].Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,Part B:Critical Reviews,2004,7(5):385-398
• [13]National Institute of Chemical Safety,Hungary.Substance evaluation report 2012–Tributyl phosphate(Tn BP)[R].Hungary:EC,2012
• [14]Garcia-Lopez M,Rodriguez I,Cela R.Development of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for organophosphorus flame retardants and plastizicers determination in water samples[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2007,1166(1-2):9-15
• [15]Quintana J B,Rodil R,Reemtsma T,et al.Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air II.Analytical methodology[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2008,27(10):904-915
• [16]Andresen J A,Grundmann A,Bester K.Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticisers in surface waters[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2004,332(1-3):155-166
• [17]Meyer J,Bester K.Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers in wastewater treatment plants[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2004,6(7):599-605
• [18]Marklund A,Andersson B,Haglund P.Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in Swedish sewage treatment plants[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(19):7423-7429
• [19]Martinez-Carballo E,Gonzalez-Barreiro C,Sitka A,et al.Determination of selected organophosphate esters in the aquatic environment of Austria[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2007,388(1-3):290-299
• [20]Green N,Schlabach M,Bakke T,et al.Screening of selected metals and new organic contaminants 2007.Phosphorous flame retardents,polyfluorinated organic compounds,nitro-PAHs,silver,platinum and sucralose in air,wastewater,treatment facilities,and freshwater and marine recipients[R].Norwegian Institute for Water Research,2008
• [21]Rodil R,Quintana J B,Reemtsma T.Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of nonionic organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in wastewater samples[J].Analytical Chemistry,2005,77(10):3083-3089
• [22]Rodríguez I,Calvo F,Quintana J,et al.Suitability of solidphase microextraction for the determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in water samples[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2006,1108(2):158-165
• [23]Bolmann U E,Moler A,Xie Z,et al.Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters[J].Water Research,2012,46(2):531-538
• [24]Cristale J,Katsoyiannis A,Sweetman A J,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the River Aire(UK)[J].Environmental Polution,2013,179:194-200
• [25]Bacaloni A,Cavaliere C,Foglia P,et al.Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in drinking and surface waters[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2007,21(7):1123-1130
• [26]Yan X J,He H,Peng Y,et al.Determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in surface water by solid phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2012,40(11):1693-1697
• [27]秦宏兵,范苓,顾海东.固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中6种有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂和增塑剂[J].分析科学学报,2014,30(2):259-262Qin H B,Fan L,Gu H D.Determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in environmental water by solid phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Analytical Science,2014,30(2):259-262(in Chinese)
• [28]何丽雄,曹曙霞,曾祥英,等.固相萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用技术快速测定水中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂与增塑剂[J].分析测试学报,2013,32(4):437-441He X L,Cao S X,Zeng X Y,et al.Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in water using solid phase extraction coupled with GC-MS[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2013,32(4):437-441(in Chinese)
• [29]Regnery J,Puttmann W.Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in urban and remote surface waters in Germany[J].Water Research,2010,44(14):4097-4104
• [30]Regnery J,Puttmann W.Seasonal fluctuations of organophosphate concentrations in precipitation and storm water runoff[J].Chemosphere,2010,78(8):958-964
• [31]Marklund A,Andersson B,Haglund P.Traffic as a source of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in snow[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(10):3555-3562
• [32]Hu M,Li J,Zhang B,et al.Regional distribution of halogenated organophosphate flame retardants in seawater samples from three coastal cities in China[J].Marine Polution Buletin,2014,86(1-2):569-574
• [33]Li J,Yu N,Zhang B,et al.Occurrence of organophosphate flame retardants in drinking water from China[J].Water Research,2014,54:53-61
• [34]Andresen J,Bester K.Elimination of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in drinking water purification[J].Water Research,2006,40(3):621-629
• [35]Regnery J,Puttmann W,Merz C,et al.Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in anthropogenically affected groundwater[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(2):347-354
• [36]Stackelberg P E,Gibs J,Furlong E T,et al.Efficiency of conventional drinking-water-treatment processes in removal of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2007,377(2-3):255-272
• [37]Stackelberg P E,Furlong E T,Meyer M T,et al.Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2004,329(1-3):99-113
• [38]Stupavski M,Miloradov M V,Radoni'c J,et al.Occurrence and analytical determination of the concentration level of phosphorus flame retardants detected in sediment samples[C].ICET-2013,2013
• [39]Ishikawa S,Taketomi M,Shinohara R.Determination of trialkyl and triaryl phosphates in environmental-samples[J].Water Research,1985,19(1):119-125
• [40]Leonards P,Steindal E,Van Der Veen I,et al.Screening of organophosphor flame retardants 2010.SPFO-Report1091/2011.TA-2786/2011.[R].2011,http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/old/klif/publikasjoner/2786/ta2786.pd
• [41]鹿建霞,季雯,马盛韬,等.气相色谱/质谱法检测灰尘,土壤和沉积物中有机磷酸酯[J].分析化学,2014,42(6):859-865Lu J X,Ji W,Ma S T,et al.Analysis of organophosphate esters in dust,soil and sediment samples using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2014,42(6):859-865(in Chinese)
• [42]阮伟,谭晓欣,罗孝俊,等.东江表层沉积物中的有机磷系阻燃剂[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(9):2394-2400Ruan W,Tan X X,Luo X J,et al.Organophosphorus flame retardants in surface sediments from Dongjiang River[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(9):2394-2400(in Chinese)
• [43]Fries E,Mihajlovic I.Polution of soils with organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(10):2692-2694
• [44]Marklund A,Andersson B,Haglund P.Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments[J].Chemosphere,2003,53(9):1137-1146
• [45]Staaf T,Ostman C.Organophosphate triesters in indoor environments[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2005,7(9):883-887
• [46]Stapleton H M,Klosterhaus S,Eagle S,et al.Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and US house dust[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(19):7490-7495
• [47]Saito I,Onuki A,Seto H.Indoor organophosphate and polybrominated flame retardants in Tokyo[J].Indoor Air-International Journal of Indoor Air Quality and Climate,2007,17(1):28-36
• [48]Kim J W,Isobe T,Sudaryanto A,et al.Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the Philippines:Occurrence and assessment of human exposure[J].Environmental Science and Polution Research International,2013,20(2):812-822
• [49]Hartmann P C,Bürgi D,Giger W.Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air[J].Chemosphere,2004,57(8):781-787
• [50]Bjrklund J,Isetun S,Nilsson U.Selective determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air by gas chromatography,positive‐ion chemical ionization and collision‐induced dissociation mass spectrometry[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2004,18(24):3079-3083
• [51]Tollbck J,Tamburro D,Crescenzi C,et al.Air sampling with Empore solid phase extraction membranes and online single-channel desorption/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis:Determination of volatile and semi-volatile organophosphate esters[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2006,1129(1):1-8
• [52]Marklund A,Andersson B,Haglund P.Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in air from various indoor environments[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2005,7(8):814-819
• [53]Sundkvist A M,Olofsson U,Haglund P.Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk[J].Journal of Environmental Monitorin,2010,12(4):943-951
• [54]Mcgoldrick D J,Letcher R J,Barresi E,et al.Organophosphate flame retardants and organosiloxanes in predatory freshwater fish from locations across Canada[J].Environmental Polution,2014,193:254-261
• [55]Kim J W,Isobe T,Chang K H,et al.Levels and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in fishes from Manila Bay,the Philippines[J].Environmental Polution,2011,159(12):3653-3659
• [56]Gao Z,Deng Y,Yuan W,et al.Determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in fish by pressurized liquid extraction using aqueous solutions and solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-flame photometric detector[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2014,1366:31-37
• [57]Brandsma S H,De Boer J,Leonards P E G,et al.Organophosphorus flame-retardant and plasticizer analysis,including recommendations from the first worldwide interlaboratory study[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2013,43:217-228
• [58]Brandsma S H,Leonards P E,Leslie H A,et al.Tracing organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants and plasticizers in an estuarine food web[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:22-31
• [59]Leisewitz A,Kruse H,Schramm E.Substituting environmentaly relevant flame retardants:Assessment fundamentals[R].Berlin:Umweltbundesamt,2001
• [60]Fisk P R,Girling A E,Wildey R J.Prioritisation of flame retardants for environmental risk assessment[M].Walingford,UK:Environment Agency,2003:1-123
• [61]European Communities.European union risk assessment report,tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl]phosphate(TDCP)[R].Luxembourg:EC,2008
• [62]曾泽泉.超重力强化臭氧高级氧化技术处理模拟苯酚废水的研究[D].北京:北京化工大学,2013Zeng Z Q.Study on degradation of phenolic wastewater with ozone-based advanced oxidation processes intesified by a high gravity method[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2013(in Chinese)
• [63]陈德强.高级氧化法处理难降解有机废水研究进展[J].环境保护科学,2006,31(6):20-23Chen D Q.Progress of advanced oxidation progress for refractory organic wastewater[J].Environmental Protection Science,2006,31(6):20-23(in Chinese)
• [64]Kawagoshi Y,Nakamura S,Fukunaga I.Degradation of organophosphoric esters in leachate from a sea-based solid waste disposal site[J].Chemosphere,2002,48(2):219-225
• [65]World Health Organization.Environmental health criteria110:Tricresyl phosphate[R].Geneva:WHO,1990
• [66]Pakalin S,Cole T,Steinkelner J,et al.Review on production processes of decabromodiphenyl ether(deca BDE)used in polymeric applications in electrical and electronic equipment,and assessment of the availability of potential alternatives to deca BDE[J].European Commission,Directorate General Joint Research Center,European Chemicals Bureau,2007
• [67]Reemtsma T,Quintana J B,Rodil R,et al.Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in water and air I.Occurrence and fate[J].Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2008,27(9):727-737
• [68]Saeger V W,Hicks O,Kaley R G,et al.Environmental fate of selected phosphate-Esters[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1979,13(7):840-844
• [69]European Communities.EU Risk Assessment Report,Tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)phosphate,TCPP,2008[R].Luxembourg:EC,2008
• [70]European Communities.EU Risk Assessment Report,Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP[R].Luxembourg:EC,2009
• [71]World Health Organization.Flame retardants:Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate,tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts[R].Geneva:WHO,2000