韦荣国;苏红巧;秦占芬;

• 1:中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境化学和生态毒理学国家重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

全氟烷基磺酸盐(PFASs)在工业生产和生活中广泛应用,某些PFASs已成为环境中普遍的污染物。鉴于对动物和人类的潜在毒性,全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)已被禁用,由一些半衰期相对较短的短链PFASs(如全氟丁烷磺酸盐,PFBS)替代。虽然四碳的PFBS和六碳的全氟己烷磺酸盐(PFHS)已经广泛使用,但目前对其毒性及其机制的了解很少。通过检测发育毒性和致畸性的非洲爪蟾胚胎致畸试验(FETAX),得到PFOS、PFHS和PFBS半致死浓度(LC50),半致畸浓度(EC50)和最小抑制生长浓度(MCIG),比较研究了3种化合物的发育毒性。结果发现,PFOS的LC50、EC50和MCIG分别为51.46、108.20和35mg·L-1。PFHS和PFBS的LC50大于100mg·L-1,对胚胎形态和生长没有明显影响。PFASs暴露引起非洲爪蟾胚胎运动行为异常。FETAX结果表明,PFOS急性发育毒性明显大于PFHS和PFBS。

关键词(KeyWords)： 非洲爪蟾;全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS);全氟己烷磺酸盐(PFHS);全氟丁烷磺酸盐(PFBS);发育毒性

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): “863”计划课题(2010AA065105);; 国家自然科学基金项目(21077125);; 环保公益专项(201108048)

作者(Author): 韦荣国;苏红巧;秦占芬;

Email:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]Paul A G,Jones K C,Sweetman A J.A first global pro-duction,emission,and environmental inventory for perfluorooctane sulfonate[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(2):386-392
• [2]Kannan K,Choi J W,Iseki N,et al.Concentrations of perfluorinated acids in livers of birds from Japan and Korea[J].Chemosphere,2002,49(3):225-231
• [3]Ostertag S K,Chan H M,Moisey J,et al.Historic diet-ary exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate,perfluorinat-ed carboxylates,and fluorotelomer unsaturated carbox-ylates from the consumption of store-bought and res-taurant foods for the Canadian population[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2009,57(18):8534-8544
• [4]Martin J W,Asher B J,Beesoon S,et al.PFOS or Pre-FOS?Are perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors(Pre-FOS)important determinants of human and environ-mental perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)exposure?[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2010,12(11):1979-2004
• [5]Renner R.The long and the short of perfluorinated re-placements[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(1):12-13
• [6]Wilhelm M,Bergmann S,Dieter H H.Occurrence of per-fluorinated compounds(PFCs)in drinking water of North Rhine-Westphalia,Germany and new approach to assess drinking water contamination by shorter-chained C4-C7PFCs[J].International Journal of Hygiene and Environ-mental Health,2010,213(3):224-232
• [7]Cassone C G,Viengtha V,Suzanne Chiu,et al.In ovo effects of perfluorohexane sulfonate and perfluorohex-anoate on pipping success,development,mRNA ex-pression,and thyroid hormone levels in chicken embry-os[J].Toxicological Sciences,2012,127(1):216-224
• [8]Calafat A M,Wong L Y,Kuklenyik Z,et al.Polyflu-oroalkyl chemicals in the U.S.population:Data from the national health and nutrition examination survey(NHANES)2003-2004and comparisons with NHANES1999-2000[J].Environmental Health Per-spectives,2007,115(11):1596-1602
• [9]Olsen G W,Mair D C,Church T R,et al.Decline in perfluorooctanesulfonate and other polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in American Red Cross adult blood donors,2000—2006[J].Environmental Science&Technolo-gy,2008,42(13):4989-4995
• [10]Haug L S,Thomsen C,Becher G.Time trends and the influence of age and gender on serum concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in archived human samples[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(6):2131-2136
• [11]Spliethoff H M,Tao L,Shaver S M,et al.Use of new-born screening program blood spots for exposure asses-ment:Declining levels of perfluorinated compounds in New York state infants[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(14):5361-5367
• [12]European Food Safety Authority(EFSA).Scientiflc o-pinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS),perfluorooctano-ic acid(PFOA)and their salts[J].The EFSA Journal,2008,653:1-131
• [13]Lau C,Anitole K,Hodes C,et al.Perfluoroalkyl acids:A review of monitoring and toxicological findings[J].Toxicological Sciences,2007,99(2):366-394
• [14]Johansson N,Eriksson P,Viberg H.Neonatal exposure to PFOS and PFOA in mice results in changes in pro-teins which are important for neuronal growth and syn-aptogenesis in the developing brain[J].Toxicological Sciences,2009,108(2):412-418
• [15]Luebker D J,Case M T,York R G,et al.Two-genera-tion reproduction and cross-foster studies of perfluo-rooctanesulfonate(PFOS)in rats[J].Toxicology,2005,215(1-2):126-148
• [16]Luebker D J,York,R G,Hansen K J,et al.Neonatal mortality from in utero exposure to perfluorooctane-sulfonate(PFOS)in Sprague-Dawley rats:Dose-re-sponse,and biochemical and pharamacokinetic parame-ters[J].Toxicology,2005,215(1-2):149-169
• [17]Shi X,Du Y,Lam P K,et al.Developmental toxicity and alteration of gene expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to PFOS[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharma-cology,2008,230(1):23-32
• [18]Peden-Adams M M,Stuckey J E,Gaworecki K M,et al.Developmental toxicity in white leghorn chickens fol-lowing in ovo exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)[J].Reproductive Toxicology,2009,27(3-4):307-318
• [19]Zhang L,Li Y Y,Chen T,et al.Abnormal develop-ment of motor neurons in perfluorooctane sulphonate exposed zebrafish embryos[J].Ecotoxicology.2011,20(4):643-652
• [20]Lieder P H,Chang S C,York R G,et al.Toxicological evaluation of potassium perfluorobutanesulfonate in a90-day oral gavage study with Sprague-Dawley rats[J].Toxicology,2009,255(1-2):45-52
• [21]Newsted J L,Beach S A,Gallagher S P,et al.Acute and chronic effects of perfluorobutane sulfonate(PFBS)on the mallard and northern bobwhite quail[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2008,54(3):535-545
• [22]Slotkin T A,MacKillop E A,Melnick R L,et al.De-velopmental neurotoxicity of perfluorinated chemicals modeled in vitro[J].Environmental Health Perspec-tives,2008,116(6):716-722
• [23]Fort D J,McLaughlin D W,Rogers R L,et al.Evalua-tion of the developmental toxicities of ethanol,acetal-dehyde,and thioacetamide using FETAX[J].Drug and Chemical Toxicology,2003,26(1):23-34
• [24]Palmer S J,Krueger H O.PFOS:A frog embryo terato-genesis assay-Xenopus(FETAX)[M].Project No.454A-116.EPA Docket AR226-1030a057,Wildlife International,Ltd.,Easton,MD,2001
• [25]Stokes W S.Selecting appropriate animal models and experimental designs for endocrine disruptor research and testing studies[J].ILAR Journal,2004,45(4):387-393
• [26]Lutz I,Kloas W,Springer T A,et al.Development,standardization and refinement of procedures for evalu-ating effects of endocrine active compounds on devel-opment and sexual differentiation of Xenopus laevis[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2008,390(8):2031-2048
• [27]Hu W Y,Jones P D,Upham B L,et al.Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by perfluori-nated compounds in rat liver and dolphin kidney epi-thelial cell lines in vitro and sprague-dawley rats in vi-vo[J].Toxicological Sciences,2002,68(2):429-436
• [28]U.S.EPA(United States Environmental Protection A-gency).Proposal for Perfluorinated Compounds Class Study[M].Washington DC:U.S.Environmental Pro-tection Agency,Office of Chemical Nomination and Selection,20460,2003
• [29]Ji K,Kim Y,Oh S,et al.Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid on freshwater macroinvertebrates(Daphnia magna and Moina macro-copa)and fish(Oryzias latipes)[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2008,27(10):2159-2168
• [30]Rosal R,Rodea-Palomares I,Boltes K,et al.Ecotoxi-cological assessment of surfactants in the aquatic envi-ronment:Combined toxicity of docusate sodium with chlorinated pollutants[J].Chemosphere,2010,81(2):288-293
• [31]Huang H H,Huang C J,Wang L J,et al.Toxicity,up-take kinetics and behavior assessment in zebrafish embryos following exposure to perfluorooctanesulphoni-cacid(PFOS)[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2010,98(2):139-147
• [32]Wang M,Chen J,Lin K,et al.Chronic zebrafish PFOS exposure alters sex ratio and maternal related effects in F1offspring[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chem-istry,2011,30(9):2073-2080
• [33]Butenhoff J L,Ehresman D J,Chang S C,et al.Gesta-tional and lactational exposure to potassium perfluo-rooctanesulfonate(K+PFOS)in rats:Developmental neurotoxicity[J].Reproductive Toxicology,2009,27(3-4):319-330
• [34]Sillar K T,Reith C A,McDearmid J R.Development and aminergic neuromodulation of a spinal locomotor network controlling swimming in Xenopus larvae[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1998,860(1):318-332
• [35]Straka H,Simmers J.Xenopus laevis:An ideal experi-mental model for studying the developmental dynamics of neural network assembly and sensory-motor compu-tations[J].Developmental Neurobiology,2012,72(4):649-663
• [36]Roberts A,Li W C,Soffe S R.A functional scaffold of CNS neurons for the vertebrates:The developing Xeno-pus laevis spinal cord[J].Developmental Neurobiology,2012,72(4):575-584
• [37]Li Y,Jin YH.Effects of perfluorooctanesulfonylsulfon-ate on glutamate concentration of central nervous sys-tem in rats[J].Journal of Health Toxicology,2004,18(4):232-234
• [38]Li W C,Soffe S R,Wolf E,et al.Persistent responses to brief stimuli:Feedback excitation among brainstem neurons[J].The Journal of Neuroscience,2006,26(15):4026-4035
• [39]Sautois B,Soffe S R,Li W C,et al.Role of type-spe-cific neuron properties in a spinal cord motor network[J].Journal of Computational Neuroscience,2007,23(1):59-77