邓欢;郭光霞;乔敏;

• 1:中国科学院生态环境研究中心

摘要(Abstract)：

土壤微生物、植物和动物的生理学和遗传学指标被广泛用于评价土壤中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染程度、毒性以及修复效果等,对指标本身的研究也在不断取得新认识和新进展.首先,许多研究对不同的指标进行比较,以检验它们在灵敏度上的差别;其次对指标的选择也越来越突出对PAHs污染的预警能力,因而普遍采用亚致死效应指标,且对指标的研究不断向基因、分子水平深入,力求通过早期的响应特征对PAHs污染程度做出及时判断;再次,PAHs污染土壤评价指标正不断朝着更加宏观和更加微观两个方向扩展,目前的指标体系已经覆盖了分子、细胞、个体、群落和生态系统等不同层次.论文依据PAHs毒性作用机理,从生理生化和遗传学角度综述了国内外评价PAHs污染土壤毒性时较为常用的生物指标及其研究进展,为国内进行相关研究工作提供参考.

关键词(KeyWords)： 生理学指标;遗传学指标;灵敏度

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金项目(No.20807053);; 国家973计划项目(No.2007CB407301;No.2007CB407304)

作者(Author): 邓欢;郭光霞;乔敏;

Email:

参考文献(References)：

• Aina R,Palin L,Citterio S.2006.Molecular evidence for benzo[a]pyrene and naphthalene genotoxicity in Trifolium repens L.[J].Chemosphere,65:666-673
• Atagana H I.2006.Biodegradation of polyacyclic aromatichydrocarbons in contaminated soil by biostimulation andbioaugmentation in the presence of copper(II)ions[J].WorldJournal of Microbiology&Biotechnology,22:1145-1153
• Baker R J,Baehr A L,Lahvis M A.2000.Estimation ofhydrocarbon biodegradation rates in gasoline-contaminated sedimentfrom measured respiration rates[J].Journal of ContaminantHydrology,41:175-192
• Balashova N V,Kosheleva I A,Golovchenko N P,Boronin AM.1999.Phenanthrene metabolism by Pseudomonas andBurkholderia strains[J].Process Biochemistry,35:291-296
• Baun A,Justesen K B,Nyholm N.2002.Algal tests with soilsuspensions and elutriates:A comparative evaluation for PAH-contaminated soils[J].Chemosphere,6:251-258
• Baran S,Bielinska J E,Oleszczuk P.2004.Enzymatic activityin an airfield soil polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Geoderma,118:221-232
• Bentsen-Farmen R K,Botnen I,Eilertsen E,VrebS.1999.The effect of CYP1A1induction on the formation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts in liver and lung DNA and plasma albuminin rats exposed to benzo[a]pyrene:Adduct quantification byimmunoassay and an HPLC method[J].Biomarkers,4:37-47
• Betowski L D,Enlow M,Riddick L.2002.The phototoxicity ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:a theoretical study of excitedstates and correlation to experiment[J].Computers and Chemistry,26:371-377
• Bhatt M,Cajthaml T,aek V.2002.Mycoremediation of PAH-contaminated soil[J].Folia Microbiologica,47:255-258
• Bispo A,Jourdain M J,Jauzein M.1999.Toxicity andgenotoxicity of industrial soils polluted by polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons(PAHs)[J].Organic Geochemistry,30:947-952
• Bleeker E A J.1999.Toxicity of Azaarenes:Mechanisms andMetabolism[D].Amsterdam:University of Amsterdam
• Bleeker E A J,Wiegman S,de Voogt P,Kraak M,Leslie H A,de Haas E,Admiraal W.2002.Toxicity of azaarenes[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,173:39-83
• Bogan B,Trbovic V.2003.Effect of sequestration on PAHdegradability with Fenton’s reagent:roles of total organiccarbon,humin,and soil porosity[J].Journal of HazardousMaterials,100:285-300
• Bradley B,Theodorakis C.2002.The post-genomic era andecotoxicology[J].Ecotoxicology,11:7-9
• Brady C A L,Gill R A,Lynch P T.2003.Preliminaryevidence for the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by Plantagolanceolata[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,25:131-137
• Brookes P C.1995.The use of microbial parameters in monitoringsoil pollution by heavy metals[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,19:269-279
• Buck C,Langmaack M,Schrader S.2000.Influence of mulchand soil compaction on earthworm cast properties[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment.Applied Soil Ecology,14:223-229
• Cairns J Jr.1986.The myth of the most sensitive species[J].Bioscience,36:670-672
• Cao L K,Shen G Q,Lu Y T.2008.Combined effects ofheavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on soilmicroorganism communities[J].Environmental Geology,54:1531-1536
• Castle D M,Montgomery M T,Kirchman D L.2006.Effects ofnaphthalene on microbial community composition in the Delawareestuary[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,56:55-63
• Cebulska-Wasilewska A,Binkova B,Sram R J,Kalina I,PopovT,Farmer P B.2007.Repair competence assay in studies of theinfluence of environmental exposure to c-PAHs on individualsusceptibility to induction of DNA damage[J].Mutation Research-Fundamental Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,620:155-164
• Certík M,DercováK,SejákováZ,FindóváM,Jakubík T.2003.Effect of polyaromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)on themembrane lipids of bacterial cell[J].Biológia,58:1111-1117
• Cherdwongcharoensuk D,Upatham S,Pereira A S,Aguas A P.2004.Acute pulmonary inflammation induced by lung overloadingwith selenium particles:leukocyte response and in situ detectionof selenium at high resolution[J].Inhalation Toxicology,16:901-909
• Chroma L,Mackova M,Kucerova P,In der Wiesche C,Burkhard J,Macek T.2002.Enzymes in plant metabolism ofPCBs and PAHs[J].Acta Biotechnologica,22:35-41
• Chroust K,Kuglik P,Relichova J,Holoubek I,Caslavsky J,Veselska R,Ryskova M,Benedik J.1997.Drosophilamelanogaster,Vicia faba and Arabidopsis thaliana short-termbioassays in genotoxicity evaluation of air and soil samples fromsites surrounding two industrial factories in the Czech Republic[J].Folia Biologica(Praha),43:71-78
• Chu W K,Wong M H,Zhang J.2006.Accumulation,distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by Phragmitesaustralis and Oryza sativa L.:I.Whole plant study[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,28:159-168
• Chung M K,Hu R,Cheung K C,Wong M H.2007a.Screening of PAHs and DDTs in sand and acrisols soil by arapid solid-phase microalgal bioassay[J].Ecotoxicology,16:429-438
• Chung M K,Hu R,Wong M H,Cheung K C.2007b.Comparative toxicity of hydrophobic contaminants to microalgaeand higher plants[J].Ecotoxicology,16:393-402
• Chung N,Alexander M.2002.Effect of soil properties onbioavailability and extractability of phenanthrene and atrazine sequestered in soil[J].Chemosphere,48:109-115
• Cofield N,Banks M K,Schwab A P.2008.Lability of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons in the rhizosphere[J].Chemosphere,70:1644-1652
• Coleman J O D,Blake-Kalff M M A,Davies T G E.1997.Detoxification of xenobiotics by plants:chemical modification andvacuolar compartmentation[J].Trends in Plant Science,2:144-151
• Coulon F,Pelletier E,Gourhant L,Delille D.2005.Effects ofnutrient and temperature on degradation of petroleum hydrocarbonsin contaminated sub-Antarctic soil[J].Chemosphere,58:1439-1448
• Critto A,Torresan S,Semenzin E,Glove S,Mesman M,Schouten A J,Rutgers M,Marcomini A.2007.Development ofa site-specific ecological risk assessment for contaminated sites:Part I.A multi-criteria based system for the selection ofecotoxicological tests and ecological observations[J].Science ofthe Total Environment,379:16-33
• Crommentuijn T,Doornekamp A,Van Gestel C A M.1997.Bioavailability and ecological effects of cadmium on Folsomiacandida(Willem)in an artificial soil substrate as influenced bypH and organic matter[J].Applied Soil Ecology,5:261-271
• Dai J Y,Wang J S.2006.Progress in ecotoxicogenomics andecotoxicoproteomics[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,26:930-934(inChinese)
• De Boeck M,Touil N,De Visscher G,Vande P A,Kirsch-Volders M.2000.Validation and implementation of an internalstandard in comet assay analysis[J].Mutation Research,469:181-197
• Dombroski E C,Gaudet I D,Florence L Z,Qureshi A A.1996.A comparison of techniques used to extract solid samplesprior to acute toxicity analysis using the Microtox test[J].Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality,11:121-128
• Dondero F,Piacentini L,Marsano F,Rebelo M,Vergani L,Venier P,Viarengo A.2006.Gene transcription profiling inpollutant exposed mussels(Mytilus spp.)using a new low-densityoligonucleotide microarray[J].Gene,376:24-36
• Donnelly K C,Lingenfelter R,Cizmas L,Falahatpisheh M H,Qian Y C,Tang Y,Garcia S,Ramos K,Tiffany-Castiglioni E,Mumtaz M M.2004.Toxicity assessment of complex mixturesremains a goal[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,18:135-141
• Elliott E T.1997.Rationale for Developing Bioindicators of SoilHealth[A]//Pankhurst C E,Doube B M,Gupta V V S R.Biological Indicators of Soil Healthy[C].Wellington:CABInternational,49-78
• Environment Canada.1992.Biological Test Method:GrowthInhibition Test Using the Freshwater Alga Selenastrum capricornutum[R].EPS1/RM/25.Ottawa,ON:Environment Canada
• Eom I C,Rast C,Veber A M,Vasseur P.2007.Ecotoxicity ofa polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)-contaminated soil[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,67:190-205
• FeldmannováM,HilscherováK,Marálek B,Bláha L.2006.Effects of N-heterocyclic polyaromatic hydrocarbons on survival,reproduction,and biochemical parameters in Daphnia magna[J].Environmental Toxicology,21:425-431
• Gao Y Z,Zhu L H.2004.Plant uptake,accumulation andtranslocation of phenanthrene and pyrene in soils[J].Chemosphere,55:1169-1178
• Gianfreda L,Antonietta Rao M,Piotrowska A,Palumbo G,Colombo C.2005.Soil enzyme activities as affected byanthropogenic alterations:intensive agricultural practices andorganic pollution[J].Science of the Total Environmental,341:265-279
• Gillespie A M,Wang S,McDonald T,Garcia S G,Cosgriff D,He L Y,Huebner H,Donnelly K C.2007.Genotoxicityassessment of wood-preserving waste-contaminated soil undergoingbioremediation[J].Bioremediation Journal,11:171-182
• Girotti S,Ferri E N,Fumo M G,Maiolini E.2008.Monitoringof environmental pollutants by bioluminescent bacteria[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,608:2-29
• Gogolev A,Wilke B M.1997.Combination effects of heavymetals and flouranthene on soil bacteria[J].Biology and Fertilityof Soils,25:274-278
• Gong X,Li P J,Zhang H R,Guo W,Jiao X G.2004a.Effects of phenanthrene contamination on enzyme activity in soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environmental Science,20:981-984(inChinese)
• Gong X,Li P J,Zhang H R,Jiao X G,Guo W.2004b.Pyrene contamination and soil enzyme activity[J].Rural Eco-Environment,20:53-55,59(in Chinese)
• Grf W,Nowak W.1966.Promotion of growth in lower andhigher plants by carcinogenic polycyclic aromatics compounds[J].Archiv für Hygiene und Bakteriologie,150:513-528(inGerman)
• Hamdi H,Benzarti S,Manusadianas L,Aoyama I,Jedidi N.2007.Solid-phase bioassays and soil microbial activities to evaluatePAH-spiked soil ecotoxicity after a long-term bioremediationprocess simulating landfarming[J].Chemosphere,70:135-143
• Hirmann D,Loibner A P,Braun R,Szolar O H.2007.Applicability of the bioluminescence inhibition test in the96-wellmicroplate format for PAH-solutions and elutriates of PAH-contaminated soils[J].Chemosphere,67:1236-1242
• Hu Y J,He C Q,Xu G T.2005.Biochip technology and itsapplication to water environment biological monitoring[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,24:1250-1252(in Chinese)
• Huang X D,Dixon D G,Greenberg B M.1995.Increasedpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity following theirphotomodification in natural sunlight:impacts on the duckweedLemna gibba L.G-3[J].Ecotoxicology and EnvironmentalSafety,32:194-200
• Hund K,Schenk B.1994.The microbial respiration quotient asindicator for bioremediation processes[J].Chemosphere,28:477-490
• Ingelman-Sundberg M.2001.Genetic susceptibility to adverseeffects of drugs and environmental toxicants,the role of the CYPfamily of enzymes[J].Mutation Research,482:11-19
• Jager T,Sánchez F A A,Muijs B,Van der Velde E G,Posthuma L.2000.Toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons in Eisenia andrei(Oligochaeta)using spiked soil[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,19:953-961
• Johnsen A R,Wick L Y,Harms H.2005.Principles ofmicrobial PAH-degradation in soil[J].Environmental Pollution,133:71-84
• Kiyohara H,Nagao K.1978.The catabolism of phenanthreneand naphthalene by bacteria[J].Journal of General Microbiology,105:69-75
• Klimkowicz-Pawlas A.2005.The Influence of PolycyclicAromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)on Soil Microbial Activity andPlants[D].Pulawy,Poland:Institute of Soil Science and PlantCultivation
• Ko F C,Baker J,Fang M D,Lee C L.2007.Composition anddistribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surfacesediments from the Susquehanna River[J].Chemosphere,66:277-285
• KobeticováK,BezchlebováJ,Lána J,SochováI,Hofman J.2008.Toxicity of four nitrogen-heterocyclic polyaromatichydrocarbons(NPAHs)to soil organisms[J].Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety,71:650-660
• Kovalchuk I,Molinier J,Yao Y,Arkhipov A,Kovalchuk O.2007.Transcriptome analysis reveals fundamental differences inplant response to acute and chronic exposure to ionizing radiation[J].Mutation Research,624:101-113
• Krishnamurthi K,Saravana Devi S,Chakrabarti T.2007.Thegenotoxicity of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)containing sludge samples[J].Toxicology Mechanisms Methods,17:1-12
• Landvik N E,Gorria M,Arlt V M,Asare N,Solhaug A,Lagadic-Gossmann D,Holme J A.2007.Effects of nitrated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel exhaust particleextracts on cell signalling related to apoptosis:possibleimplications for their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects[J].Toxicology,231:159-174
• Langdon C J,Piearce T G,Meharg A A,Semple K D.2003.Interactions between earthworms and arsenic in the soilenvironment:a review[J].Environmental Pollution,124:361-373
• Law R J,Kelly C A,Baker K L,Langford K H,Bartlett T.2002.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments,mussels andcrustacea around a former gasworks site in Shoreham-by-Sea,UK[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,44:903-911
• Lemieux C L,Lambert A B,Lundstedt S,Tysklind M,White PA.2008.Mutagenic hazards of complex polycyclic aromatichydrocarbon mixtures in contaminated soil[J].EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry,27:978-990
• Li X Z,Sarah P.2003.Arylsulfatase activity of soil microbialbiomass along a Mediterranean-arid transect[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,35:925-934
• Lower W R,Sutton W W.1987.Chlorphyta Assay Using Soilas Sample Material:Interim Procedure[M].Las Vegas,NV:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency
• Lu K W,Robertson B,Taeusch H W.2005.Dextran orpolyethylene glycol added to curosurf for treatment of meconiumlung injury in rats[J].Biology of the Neonate,88:46-53
• Ma T H,Xu Z,Xu C,McConnell H,Rabago E V,Arreola GA,Zhang H.1995.The improved Allium/Vicia root tip micronucleusassay for clastogenicity of environmental pollutants[J].MutationResearch,334:185-195
• Maliszewska-Kordybach B,Klimkowicz-Pawlas A,Smreczak B,Janusauskaite D.2007.Ecotoxic effect of phenanthrene onnitrifying bacteria in soils of different properties[J].Journal ofEnvironmental Quality,36:1635-1645
• Maliszewska-Kordybach B,Smreczak B.2000.Ecotoxicologicalactivity of soils polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs):Effect on plants[J].Environmental Technology,21:1099-1110
• Maliszewska-Kordybach B,Smreczak B.2003a.Habitat functionof agricultural soils as affected by heavy metals and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons contamination[J].Environment International,28:719-728
• Maliszewska-Kordybach B,Smreczak B.2003b.Changes of soilmicrobial properties in the course of PAH dissipation in soilsartificially contaminated with these compounds[J].PolycyclicAromatic Compounds,23:11-21
• Manzo S,De Nicola F,De Luca Picione F,Maisto G,AlfaniA.2008.Assessment of the effects of soil PAH accumulation bya battery of ecotoxicological tests[J].Chemosphere,71:1937-1944
• Margesin R,Zimmerbauer A,Schinner F.2000.Monitoring ofbioremediation by soil biological activities[J].Chemosphere,40:339-346
• Martin F L,Piearce T G,Hewer A,Phillips D H,Semple K T.2005.A biomarker model of sublethal genotoxicity(DNA single-strand breaks and adducts)using the sentinel organismAporrectodea longa in spiked soil[J].Environmental Pollution,138:307-315
• Miles R A,Doucette W J.2001.Assessing the aerobicbiodegradability of14hydrocarbons in two soils using a simplemicrocosm/respiration method[J].Chemosphere,45:1085-1090
• Moon H S,Kahng H Y,Kim J Y,Kukor J J,Nam K.2006.Determination of biodegradation potential by two culture-independent methods in PAH-contaminated soils[J].Environmental Pollution,140:536-545
• Nam K,Chung N,Alexander M.1998.Relationship betweenorganic matter content of soil and the sequestration ofphenanthrene[J].Environmental Science&Technology,32:3785-3788
• Padhi B K,Pelletier G,Williams A,Berndt-Weis L,Yauk C,Bowers W J,Chu I.2008.Gene expression profiling in ratcerebellum following in utero and lactational exposure to mixturesof methylmercury,polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorinepesticides[J].Toxicology Letters,176:93-103
• PakováV,HilscherováK,FeldmannováM,Bláha L.2006.Toxic effects and oxidative stress in higher plants exposed topolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their N-heterocyclic derivatives[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,25:3238-3245
• Pearlman R S,Yalkowsky S H,Banerjee S.1984.Watersolubility of polynuclear aromatic and heteroatomic compounds[J].Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data,13:555-562
• Prus-Glowacki W,Wojnicka-Poltorak A,Oleksyn J,Reich P B.1999.Industrial pollutants tend to increase genetic diversity:Evidence from field-grown European scots pine populations[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,116:395-402
• Qiao M,Chen Y,Wang C X,Wang Z J,Zhu Y G.2007.DNA damage and repair process in earthworm after in-vivo andin vitro exposure to soils irrigated by wastewaters[J].Environmental Pollution,148:141-147
• Riffaldi R,Levi-Minzi R,Cardelli R,Palumbo S,Saviozzi A.2005.Soil biological activities in monitoring the bioremediationof diesel oil-contaminated soil[J].Water,Air and SoilPollution,170:3-15
• Rajaguru P,Suba S,Palanivel M,Kalaiselvi K.2003.Genotoxicityof a polluted river system measured using the alkaline cometassay on fish and earth worm tissues[J].Environmental andMolecular Mutagenesis,41:85-91
• Renner R.2004.Redrawing the dose-response curve[J].Environmental Science&Technology,38:90-95
• Rila J P,Eisentraeger A.2003.Application of bioassays for riskcharacterisation and remediation control of soils polluted withnitroaromatics and PAHs[J].Water,Air and Soil Pollution,148:223-242
• Roos P H.2002.Differential induction of CYP1A1in duodenum,liver and kidney of rats after oral intake of soil containingpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Archives of Toxicology,76:75-82
• Roos P H,Tschirbs S,Pfeifer F,Welge P,Hack A,WilhelmM,Bolt H M.2004.Risk potentials for humans of original andremediated PAH-contaminated soils:application of biomarkers ofeffect[J].Toxicology,205:181-194
• Semenzin E,Critto A,Rutgers M,Marcomini A.2008.Integration of bioavailability,ecology and ecotoxicology by threelines of evidence into ecological risk indexes for contaminatedsoil assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,389:71-86
• Shen G Q,Cao L K,Lu Y T,Hong J B.2005a.Influence ofphenanthrene on cadmium toxicity to soil enzymes and microbialgrowth[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,12:259-263
• Shen G Q,Lu Y T,Zhou Q X,Hong J B.2005b.Interactionof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on soilenzyme[J].Chemosphere,61:1175-1182
• Song Y F,Gong P,Wilke B M,Zhang W,Song X Y,Sun TH,Ackland M L.2007.Genotoxicity assessment of soils fromwastewater irrigation areas and bioremediation sites using theVicia faba root tip micronucleus assay[J].Journal of EnvironmentalMonitoring,9:182-186
• Sverdrup L E,Ekelund F,Krogh P H,Nielsen T,Johnsen K.2002a.Soil microbial toxicity of eight polycyclic aromaticcompounds:Effects on nitrification,the genetic diversity ofbacteria,and the total number of protozoans[J].EnvironmentalToxicology and Chemistry,21:1644-1650
• Sverdrup L E,Jensen J,Kelley A E,Krogh P H,Stenersen J.2002b.Effects of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds on thesurvival and reproduction of Enchytraeus crypticus(Oligochaeta,Clitellata)[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,21:109-114
• Sverdrup L E,Kelley A E,Krogh P H,Nielsen T,Jensen J,Scott-Fordsmand J J,Stenersen J.2001.Effects of eightpolycyclic aromatic compounds on the survival and reproductionof the springtail Folsomia fimetaria L.(Collembola,Isotomidae)[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,20:1332-1338
• Sverdrup L E,Krogh P H,Nielsen T,Kjaer C,Stenersen J.2003.Toxicity of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds to redclover(Trifolium pratense),ryegrass(Lolium perenne),andmustard(Sinapsis alba)[J].Chemosphere,53:993-1003
• Sverdrup L E,Krogh P H,Nielsen T,Stenersen J.2002c.Relative sensitivity of three terrestrial invertebrate tests topolycyclic aromatic compounds[J].Environmental Toxicology andChemistry,21:1927-1933
• Tao Y Q,Zhang S Z,Xu Y P,Wang Z J.2007.Evaluation ofPAHs bioavailability in soils with triolein embedded celluloseacetate membranes[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2:284-291(in Chinese)
• Ten Hulscher T E M,Cornelissen G.1996.Effect of temperatureon sorption equilibrium and sorption kinetics of organicmicropollutants-a review[J].Chemosphere,32:609-626
• Thiele-Bruhn S,Brümmer G W