魏凤华;张俊江;夏普;张效伟;于红霞;

• 1:南京大学环境学院污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

二噁英及类二噁英物质(dioxin-like compounds,DLCs)是一类高毒性化合物的统称,对其毒理学的研究一直都是备受关注的焦点。已有证据表明,高毒二噁英及DLCs主要通过激活芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR),进而导致一系列生物毒性。近年来越来越多的新型有机污染物被发现具有类二噁英分子结构并存在潜在生物毒性或活性。与此同时,如何评估二噁英及DLCs对本土生态生物的危害及其风险也受到更多关注。本文综述了近几年发现的新型二噁英物质、二噁英及DLCs的AhR致毒机制、相应的有害结局路径(adverse outcome pathway,AOP)及AOP在指导探索新型物质及物种敏感性方面上的新观点和发现,同时也展望了二噁英及DLCs在生态毒理及风险评估领域的未来研究方向。

关键词(KeyWords)： 类二噁英物质;多溴联苯醚;多氯代联苯硫醚;新型污染物;芳香烃受体;致毒机制;物种敏感性分布

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家重大“水专项”(2012ZX07506);; 环保公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201209016);; 高校博士学科点专项科研基金(20120091110034)

作者(Author): 魏凤华;张俊江;夏普;张效伟;于红霞;

Email:

DOI:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]Burleson G R,Lebrec H,Yang Y G,et al.Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)on influenza virus host resistance in mice[J].Toxicological Sciences,1996,29(1):40-47
• [2]Safe S.Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),dibenzo-pdioxins(PCDDs),dibenzofurans(PCDFs),and related compounds:Environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors(TEFs)[J].CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology,1990,21(1):51-88
• [3]杨永滨,郑明辉,刘征涛.二恶英类毒理学研究新进展[J].生态毒理学报,2006,1(2):105-115Yang Y B,Zheng M H,Liu Z T.Researching advancement of the dioxins toxicology[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2006,1(2):105-115(in Chinese)
• [4]Moura-Alves P,FaéK,Houthuys E,et al.AhR sensing of bacterial pigments regulates antibacterial defence[J].Nature,2014,512(7515):387-392
• [5]许振成,许虹,张素坤,等.2,3,7,8-四氯二苯并对二噁英对大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞雌二醇和孕酮分泌的影响[J].生态毒理学报,2009,4(1):131-135Xu Z C,Xu H,Zhang S K,et al.Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on estradiol and progesterone secretion of ovarian granulosa cells in rats in vitro[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2009,4(1):131-135(in Chinese)
• [6]Kennedy G D,Nukaya M,Moran S M,et al.Liver tumor promotion by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin is dependent on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and TNF/IL-1 receptors[J].Toxicological Sciences,2014,140(1):135-143
• [7]Mandavia C.TCDD-induced activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates the skin stem cell population[J].Medical Hypotheses,2015,84(3):204-208
• [8]Connor K T,Harris M A,Edwards M R,et al.AH receptor agonist activity in human blood measured with a cell-based bioassay:Evidence for naturally occurring AH receptor ligands in vivo[J].Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology,2008,18(4):369-380
• [9]de Waard P W J,Peijnenburg A A C M,Baykus H,et al.A human intervention study with foods containing natural Ah-receptor agonists does not significantly show AhR-mediated effects as measured in blood cells and urine[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,2008,176(1):19-29
• [10]Bittner M,HilscherováK,Giesy J P.In vitro assessment of AhR-mediated activities of TCDD in mixture with humic substances[J].Chemosphere,2009,76(11):1505-1508
• [11]Bittner M,Macikova P,Giesy J P,et al.Enhancement of AhR-mediated activity of selected pollutants and their mixtures after interaction with dissolved organic matter[J].Environment International,2011,37(5):960-964
• [12]Su G,Xia J,Liu H,et al.Dioxin-like potency of HO-and Me O-analogues of PBDEs’the potential risk through consumption of fish from Eastern China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(19):10781-10788
• [13]夏洁.二恶英类污染物的高通量生物检测技术研究及其在在环境监测中的应用[D].南京:南京大学,2013:21-31Xia J.Development of a high throughput bio-analytical method of dioxin-like compounds and its application in environmental monitoring[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2013:21-31(in Chinese)
• [14]Gavrilescu M,DemnerováK,Aamand J,et al.Emerging pollutants in the environment:Present and future challenges in biomonitoring,ecological risks and bioremediation[J].New Biotechnology,2015,32(1):147-156
• [15]Shoots J,Fraccalvieri D,Franks D G,et al.An aryl hydrocarbon receptor from the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum exhibits low sensitivity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(11):6993–7001
• [16]Doering J A,Farmahin R,Wiseman S,et al.Functionality of aryl hydrocarbon receptors(AhR1 and AhR2)of white sturgeon(Acipenser transmontanus)and implications for the risk assessment of dioxin-like compounds[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(14):8219-8226
• [17]Doering J A,Wiseman S,Beitel S C,et al.Identification and expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptors(AhR1 and AhR2)provide insight in an evolutionary context regarding sensitivity of white sturgeon(Acipenser transmontanus)to dioxin-like compounds[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2014,150:27-35
• [18]Farmahin R,Manning G,Crump D,et al.Amino acid sequence of the ligand binding domain of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 1(AHR1)predicts sensitivity of wild birds to effects of dioxin-like compounds[J].Toxicological Sci-ences,2013,131(1):139-152
• [19]Doering J A,Farmahin R,Wiseman S,et al.Differences inactivation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors of white sturgeon relative to lake sturgeon are predicted by identities of key amino acids in the ligand binding domain[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(7):4681-4689
• [20]Hirano M,Hwang J H,Park H J,et al.Insilico analysis of the interaction of avian aryl hydrocarbon receptors and dioxins to decipher isoform-,ligand-,and species-specific activations[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(6):3795-3804
• [21]Ankley G T,Bennett R S,Erickson R J,et al.Adverse outcome pathways:A conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2010,29(3):730-741
• [22]张诺,孙韶华,王明泉,等.荧光素酶表达基因法(CALUX)用于二噁英检测的研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2014,9(3):391-397Zhang N,Sun S H,Wang M Q,et al.Research progress of dioxins'detection using chemical-luciferase gene expression(CALUX)[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2014,9(3):391-397(in Chinese)
• [23]Farmahin R,Wu D,Crump D,et al.Sequence and in vitro function of chicken,ring-necked pheasant,and Japanese quail AHR1 predict in vivo sensitivity to dioxins[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(5):2967-2975
• [24]Sinkkonen S,Rantalainen A L,Paasivirta J,et al.Polybrominated methoxy diphenyl ethers(Me O-PBDEs)in fish and guillemot of Baltic,Atlantic and Arctic environments[J].Chemosphere,2004,56(8):767-775
• [25]Haglund P S,Zook D R,Buser H R,et al.Identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxy-polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Baltic biota[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(11):3281-3287
• [26]Verreault J,Gabrielsen G W,Chu S,et al.Flame retardants and methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in two Norwegian Arctic top predators:Glaucous gulls and polar bears[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(16):6021-6028
• [27]Olsson A,Ceder K,Bergman,et al.Nestling blood of the white-tailed sea eagle(Haliaeetus albicilla)as an indicator of territorial exposure to organohalogen compoundsAn evaluation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2000,34(13):2733-2740
• [28]Jaspers V L B,Sonne C,Soler-Rodriguez F,et al.Persistent organic pollutants and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in different tissues of white-tailed eagles(Haliaeetus albicilla)from West Greenland[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,175:137-146
• [29]Nordlf U,Helander B,Bignert A,et al.Levels of brominated flame retardants and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eggs of white-tailed sea eagles breeding in different regions of Sweden[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,409(1):238-246
• [30]Kuiper R V,Murk A J,Leonards P E G,et al.In vivo and in vitro Ah-receptor activation by commercial and fractionated pentabromodiphenylether using zebrafish(Danio rerio)and the DR-CALUX assay[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2006,79(4):366-375
• [31]Luthe G,Jacobus J A,Robertson L W.Receptor interactions by polybrominated diphenyl ethers versus polychlorinated biphenyls:A theoretical structure–activity assessment[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2008,25(2):202-210
• [32]Peters A K,Sanderson J T,Bergman A,et al.Antagonism of TCDD-induced ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylation activity by polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in primary cynomolgus monkey(Macaca fascicularis)hepatocytes[J].Toxicology Letters,2006,164(2):123-132
• [33]Peters A K,Van Londen K,Bergman A,et al.Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on basal and TCDD-induced ethoxyresorufin activity and cytochrome P450-1A1expression in MCF-7,Hep G2,and H4IIE cells[J].Toxicological Sciences,2004,82(2):488-496
• [34]Cantón R F,Sanderson J T,Letcher R J,et al.Inhibition and induction of aromatase(CYP19)activity by brominated flame retardants in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells[J].Toxicological Sciences,2005,88(2):447-455
• [35]张睿.类二噁英有机污染物毒性的鸟类种间敏感性差异研究[D].南京:南京大学,2014:120-149Zhang R.The sensitivity difference of avian species to the toxicity of dioxin-like organic pollutants[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2014:120-149(in Chinese)
• [36]Sinkkonen S,Vattulainen A,Aittola J P,et al.Metal reclamation produces sulphur analogues of toxic dioxins and furans[J].Chemosphere,1994,28(7):1279-1288
• [37]Sinkkonen S,Kolehmalnen E,Laihia K,et al.Polychlorinated diphenyl sulfides:Preparation of model compounds,chromatography,mass spectrometry,NMR,and environmental analysis[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1993,27(7):1319-1326
• [38]Schwarzbauer J,Littke R,Weigelt V.Identification of specific organic contaminants for estimating the contribution ofthe Elbe river to the pollution of the German Bight[J].Organic Geochemistry,2000,31(12):1713-1731
• [39]Zhang R,Zhang X,Zhang J,et al.Activation of avian aryl hydrocarbon receptor and inter-species sensitivity variations by polychlorinated diphenylsulfides[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(18):10948-10956
• [40]Poland A,Glover E,Kende A S.Stereospecific,high affinity binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by hepatic cytosol.Evidence that the binding species is receptor for induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1976,251(16):4936-4946
• [41]Denison M S,Soshilov A A,He G,et al.Exactly the same but different:Promiscuity and diversity in the molecular mechanisms of action of the aryl hydrocarbon(dioxin)receptor[J].Toxicological Sciences,2011,124(1):1-22
• [42]Schmidt J V,Bradfield C A.Ah receptor signaling pathways[J].Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology,1996,12(1):55-89
• [43]周海龙,张林宝,廖春阳,等.持久性有机污染物对水生动物芳香烃受体通道的毒理机制及其早期监测(英文)[J].生态毒理学报,2010,5(1):9-17Zhou H L,Zhang L B,Liao C Y,et al.Advances on toxicological mechanism of AHR pathway and early biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in aquatic animals[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2010,5(1):9-17
• [44]Hahn M E,Karchner S I,Shapiro M A,et al.Molecular evolution of two vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon(dioxin)receptors(AHR1 and AHR2)and the PAS family[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1997,94(25):13743-13748
• [45]Furness S G B,Whelan F.The pleiotropy of dioxin toxicity—Xenobiotic misappropriation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor's alternative physiological roles[J].Pharmacology&Therapeutics,2009,124(3):336-353
• [46]Okey A B.An aryl hydrocarbon receptor odyssey to the shores of toxicology:the Deichmann Lecture,International Congress of Toxicology-XI[J].Toxicological Sciences,2007,98(1):5-38
• [47]Hahn M E.Aryl hydrocarbon receptors:Diversity and evolution[J].Chemico-biological Interactions,2002,141(1):131-160
• [48]Karchner S I,Franks D G,Powell W H,et al.Regulatory interactions among three members of the vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon receptor family:AHR repressor,AHR1,and AHR2[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,2002,277(9):6949-6959
• [49]庞朋沙,过倩萍,伍会健.细胞内AhR信号转导通路的机制研究[J].现代生物医学进展,2010(13):2567-2570Pang P S,Guo Q P,Wu H J.Biological role of AhR signaling pathway[J].Progress in Modern Biomedicine,2010(13):2567-2570(in Chinese)
• [50]Harper P A,Wong J M Y,Lam M S M,et al.Polymorphisms in the human AH receptor[J].Chemico-biological Interactions,2002,141(1):161-187
• [51]Yasui T,Kim E Y,Iwata H,et al.Functional characterization and evolutionary history of two aryl hydrocarbon receptor isoforms(AhR1 and AhR2)from avian species[J].Toxicological Sciences,2007,99(1):101-117
• [52]Doering J A,Giesy J P,Wiseman S,et al.Predicting the sensitivity of fishes to dioxin-like compounds:Possible role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)ligand binding domain[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(3):1219-1224
• [53]Karchner S I,Powell W H,Hahn M E.Identification and functional characterization of two highly divergent aryl hydrocarbon receptors(AHR1 and AHR2)in the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus evidence for a novel subfamily of ligand-binding basic helix loop helix-Per-ARNT-Sim(b HLHPAS)factors[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1999,274(47):33814-33824
• [54]Andreasen E A,Hahn M E,Heideman W,et al.The zebrafish(Danio rerio)aryl hydrocarbon receptor type 1 is a novel vertebrate receptor[J].Molecular Pharmacology,2002,62(2):234-249
• [55]Dolwick K M,Swanson H I,Bradfield C A.In vitro analysis of Ah receptor domains involved in ligand-activated DNA recognition[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1993,90(18):8566-8570
• [56]Fukunaga B N,Probst M R,Reisz-Porszasz S,et al.Identification of functional domains of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1995,270(49):29270-29278
• [57]Mimura J,Ema M,Sogawa K,et al.Identification of a novel mechanism of regulation of Ah(dioxin)receptor function[J].Genes&Development,1999,13(1):20-25
• [58]Pollenz R S.The mechanism of AH receptor protein downregulation(degradation)and its impact on AH receptormediated gene regulation[J].Chemico-biological Interactions,2002,141(1):41-61
• [59]Hankinson O.The aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex[J].Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology,1995,35(1):307-340
• [60]Fujii-Kuriyama Y,Kawajiri K.Molecular mechanisms of the physiological functions of the aryl hydrocarbon(diox-in)receptor,a multifunctional regulator that senses and responds to environmental stimuli[J].Proceedings of the Japan Academy.Series B,Physical and Biological Sciences,2010,86(1):40-53
• [61]HenklováP,Vrzal R,UlrichováJ,et al.Role of mitogenactivated protein kinases in aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling[J].Chemico-biological Interactions,2008,172(2):93-104
• [62]Pavek P,Dvorak Z.Xenobiotic-induced transcriptional regulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily in human extrahepatic tissues[J].Current Drug Metabolism,2008,9(2):129-143
• [63]Poland A,Knutson J C.2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-thorndioxin and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons:Examination of the mechanism of toxicity[J].Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology,1982,22(1):517-554
• [64]Fernandez-Salguero P M,Hilbert D M,Rudikoff S,et al.Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice are resistant to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced toxicity[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,1996,140(1):173-179
• [65]Prasch A L,Teraoka H,Carney S A,et al.Aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 mediates 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin developmental toxicity in zebrafish[J].Toxicological Sciences,2003,76(1):138-150
• [66]Heid S E,Walker M K,Swanson H I.Correlation of cardiotoxicity mediated by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons to aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation[J].Toxicological Sciences,2001,61(1):187-196
• [67]Walker M K,Pollenz R S,Smith S M.Expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AhR)and AhR nuclear translocator during chick cardiogenesis is consistent with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced heart defects[J].Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,1997,143(2):407-419
• [68]Jiang B H,Rue E,Wang G L,et al.Dimerization,DNA binding,and transactivation properties of hypoxia-inducible factor 1[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1996,271(30):17771-17778
• [69]Goldberg M A,Schneider T J.Similarities between the oxygen-sensing mechanisms regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1994,269(6):4355-4359
• [70]Forsythe J A,Jiang B H,Iyer N V,et al.Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1[J].Molecular and Cellular Biology,1996,16(9):4604-4613
• [71]Maxwell P H,Dachs G U,Gleadle J M,et al.Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 modulates gene expression in solid tumors and influences both angiogenesis and tumor growth[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1997,94(15):8104-8109
• [72]Mimura J,Fujii-Kuriyama Y.Functional role of AhR in the expression of toxic effects by TCDD[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta(BBA)-General Subjects,2003,1619(3):263-268
• [73]Gilday D,Gannon M,Yutzey K,et al.Molecular cloning and expression of two novel avian cytochrome P450 1A enzymes induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1996,271(51):33054-33059
• [74]Ucán-Marín F,Arukwe A,Mortensen A,et al.Recombinant transthyretin purification and competitive binding with organohalogen compounds in two gull species(Larus argentatus and Larus hyperboreus)[J].Toxicological Sciences,2009,107(2):440-450
• [75]Mc Nabb F M,Fox G A.Avian thyroid development in chemically contaminated environments:Is there evidence of alterations in thyroid function and development?[J].Evolution&Development,2003,5(1):76-82
• [76]Murvoll K M,Skaare J U,Anderssen E,et al.Exposure and effects of persistent organic pollutants in European shag(Phalacrocorax aristotelis)hatchlings from the coast of Norway[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2006,25(1):190-198
• [77]Thackaberry E A,Gabaldon D M,Walker M K,et al.Aryl hydrocarbon receptor null mice develop cardiac hypertrophy and increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1αin the absence of cardiac hypoxia[J].Cardiovascular Toxicology,2002,2(4):263-273
• [78]Gilbertson M,Kubiak T,Ludwig J,et al.Great lakes embryo mortality,edema,and deformities syndrome(GLEMEDS)in colonial fish‐eating birds:Similarity to chick‐edema disease[J].Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,Part A Current Issues,1991,33(4):455-520
• [79]Handel C M,Van Hemert C.Environmental contaminants and chromosomal damage associated with beak deformities in a resident North American passerine[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2015,34(2):314-327
• [80]Fernie K J,Smits J E,Bortolotti G R,et al.Reproduction success of American kestrels exposed to dietary polychlorinated biphenyls[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2001,20(4):776-781
• [81]Kubiak T J,Harris H J,Smith L M,et al.Microcontami-nants and reproductive impairment of the Forster's tern on Green Bay,Lake Michigan-1983[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1989,18(5):706-727
• [82]Peakall D B,Fox G A.Toxicological investigations of pollutant-related effects in Great Lakes gulls[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,1987,71:187-193
• [83]Kim Y,Cooper K R.Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)in the embryos and newly hatched larvae of the Japanese medaka(Oryzias latipes)[J].Chemosphere,1999,39(3):527-538
• [84]黄莉,黄韧,冯媛瑜,等.2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二噁英(TCDD)短期染毒可造成着床前胚胎丢失并伴随雌性生殖器官中毒物相关蛋白的诱导表达[J].生态毒理学报,2010,5(3):334-342Huang L,Huang R,Feng Y Y,et al.Shorttime exposure of TCDD causing loss of implantation failure of embryos and its associated with induced expression of relevant proteins[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2010,5(3):334-342(in Chinese)
• [85]Stone R.Environmental estrogens stir debate[J].Science,1994,265(5170):308-310
• [86]Giesy J P,Ludwig J P,Tillitt D E.Dioxins,Dibenzofurans,PCBs and Colonial,Fish-Eating Water Birds[M]//Dioxins and Health.USA:Springer,1994:249-307
• [87]Giesy J P,Ludwig J P,Tillitt D E.Deformities in birds of the Great Lakes region[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1994,28(3):128A-135A
• [88]Henny C J,Grove R A,Kaiser J L,et al.North American osprey populations and contaminants:Historic and contemporary perspectives[J].Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,Part B,2010,13(7-8):579-603
• [89]Bowerman W W,Best D A,Grubb T G,et al.Assessment of environmental endocrine disruptors in bald eagles of the Great Lakes[J].Chemosphere,2000,41(10):1569-1574
• [90]张烃,陈社军,李楠,等.苏南城市群河流表层沉积物中二噁英和共平面多氯联苯的浓度水平、来源和生态风险[J].环境化学,2014,33(9):1445-1455Zhang T,Chen S J,Li N,et al.Occurrence,sources and ecological risks of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in surface sediments from rivers in city cluster in South Jiangsu Province,China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(9):1445-1455(in Chinese)
• [91]Zhang S,Peng P,Huang W,et al.PCDD/PCDF pollution in soils and sediments from the Pearl River Delta of China[J].Chemosphere,2009,75(9):1186-1195
• [92]Qiu X,Bigsby R M,Hites R A.Hydroxylated metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human blood samples from the United States[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2009,117(1):93-98
• [93]Xia J,Su G Y,Zha