王昊;赵信国;陈碧鹃;夏斌;孙雪梅;朱琳;曲克明;

• 1:上海海洋大学海洋科学学院
• 2:中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所农业部海洋渔业资源可持续发展重点实验室山东省渔业资源与生态环境重点实验室
• 3:青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

由于大量人类活动的影响,大气CO_2浓度持续增加,其中约1/3被海洋吸收,导致表层海水pH值降低和碳酸盐平衡体系波动,即"海洋酸化"现象。污染物的海洋环境效应一直是全球环境科学领域研究的热点。在实际环境中,海洋酸化往往与污染物共同存在并作用于海洋生态系统,且海洋酸化极有可能改变污染物的海洋环境行为从而影响其毒性效应。但现有研究大多针对海洋酸化或者污染物单独作用下的毒性效应展开,对海洋酸化与污染物的联合毒性效应的研究不足、亟待加强。为此,综述了近年来海洋酸化与典型污染物(重金属、有机污染物)及新型污染物(人工纳米颗粒)的相关文献,重点阐述了海洋酸化对污染物环境行为的影响和海洋酸化与污染物对海洋生物的联合毒性效应,指出当前的研究不足,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。

关键词(KeyWords)： 海洋酸化;重金属;有机污染物;人工纳米颗粒;联合毒性

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 中国水产科学研究院基本科研业务费(2017HY-ZD0202);; 国家自然科学基金委-山东省联合基金项目(U1606404);; 青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室鳌山科技创新计划项目(2016ASKJ14);; 中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2017M622323)

作者(Author): 王昊;赵信国;陈碧鹃;夏斌;孙雪梅;朱琳;曲克明;

Email:

DOI:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]Caldeira K,Wickett M E.Oceanography:Anthropogenic carbon and ocean p H[J].Nature,2003,425(6956):365
• [2]汪思茹,殷克东,蔡卫君,等.海洋酸化生态学研究进展[J].生态学报,2012,32(18):5859-5869Wang S R,Yin K D,Cai W J,et al.Advances in studies of ecological effects of ocean acidification[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(18):5859-5869(in Chinese)
• [3]Stocker T F,Qin D,Plattner G K,et al.IPCC,2013:Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[J].Computational Geometry,2013,18(2):95-123
• [4]Feely R A,Doney S C,Cooley S R.Oceanacidification:Present conditions and future changes in a high-CO2world[J].Oceanography,2009,22(4):36-47
• [5]Burns W C G.Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Ocean Acidification:The Potential Impacts on Ocean Biodiversity[M]//Saving Biological Diversity.Springer US,2008:187-202
• [6]Doney S C,Fabry V J,Feely R A,et al.Oceanacidification:The other CO2problem[J].Annual Review of Marine Science,2009,1(1):169-192
• [7]Elliott J E,Elliott K H.Tracking marine pollution[J].Science,2013,340(6132):556-558
• [8]Gouin T,Daly T H L,Wania F,et al.Variability of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in air:Implications for monitoring,modeling and control[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(1):151-166
• [9]Joo S H,Zhao D.Environmental dynamics of metal oxide nanoparticles in heterogeneous systems:A review[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,322(Pt A):29-47
• [10]Hanna S K,Miller R J,Zhou D,et al.Accumulation and toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in a soft-sediment estuarine amphipod[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2013,142-143(20):441-446
• [11]丛艺,穆景利,王菊英.纳米材料在水环境中的行为及其对水生生物的毒性效应[J].海洋湖沼通报,2014(3):112-120Cong Y,Mu J L,Wang J Y.Behavior and toxicity of nanomaterials in aquatic environment[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2014(3):112-120(in Chinese)
• [12]Millero F J,Woosley R,Ditrolio B,et al.Effect of ocean acidification on the speciation of metals in seawater[J].Oceanography,2009,22(4):72-85
• [13]Sandrin T R,Maier R M.Impact of metals on the biodegradation of organic pollutants[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2003,111(8):1093-1101
• [14]Xia B,Sui Q,Sun X,et al.Ocean acidification increases the toxic effects of Ti O2,nanoparticles on the marine microalga Chlorella vulgaris[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2018,346:1-9
• [15]Zeng X,Chen X,Zhuang J.The positive relationship between ocean acidification and pollution[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,91(1):14-21
• [16]Gao G,Liu Y,Li X,et al.Expected CO2-induced ocean acidification modulates copper toxicity in the green tide alga Ulva prolifera[J].Environmental and Experimental Botany,2017,135:63-72
• [17]韦晓慧,慕芳红,孙艳桃,等.海洋酸化条件下铜、镉对日本虎斑猛水蚤的急性毒性效应[J].生态学报,2014,34(14):3879-3884Wei X H,Mu F H,Sun Y T,et al.Effect of simulated ocean acidification on the acute toxicity of Cu and Cd to Tigriopus japonicus[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(14):3879-3884(in Chinese)
• [18]Pascal P Y,Fleeger J W,Galvez F,et al.The toxicological interaction between ocean acidity and metals incoastal meiobenthic copepods[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(12):2201-2208
• [19]Campbell A L,Mangan S,Ellis R P,et al.Ocean acidification increases copper toxicity to the early life history stages of the polychaete Arenicola marina in artificial seawater[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48(16):9745-9753
• [20]Gtze S,Matoo O B,Beniash E,et al.Interactive effects of CO2and trace metals on the proteasome activity and cellular stress response of marine bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2014,149(Supplement C):65-82
• [21]Xu Y,Shi D,Aristilde L,et al.The effect of p H on the uptake of zinc and cadmium in marine phytoplankton:Possible role of weak complexes[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2012,57(1):293-304
• [22]Bautista-Chamizo E,De Orte M R,Delvalls T A,et al.Simulating CO2leakages from CCS to determine Zn toxicity using the marine microalgae Pleurochrysis roscoffensis[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:955-965
• [23]Lacouelabarthe T,Martin S,Nsli F O,et al.Effects of increased p CO2and temperature on trace element(Ag,Cd and Zn)bioaccumulation in the eggs of the common cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis[J].Biogeosciences and Discussions,2009,6(11):2561-2573
• [24]Ivanina A V,Hawkins C,Sokolova I M.Immunomodulation by the interactive effects of cadmium and hypercapnia in marine bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria[J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2014,37(2):299-312
• [25]Dorey N,Martin S,Oberhansli F,et al.Ocean acidification modulates the incorporation of radio-labeled heavy metals in the larvae of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus[J].Journal of Environmental Radioactivity,2018,190-191:20-30
• [26]Nardi A,Benedetti M,Fattorini D,et al.Oxidative and interactive challenge of cadmium and ocean acidification on the smooth scallop Flexopecten glaber[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2018,196:53-60
• [27]Shi W,Zhao X,Han Y,et al.Ocean acidification increases cadmium accumulation in marine bivalves:A potential threat to seafood safety[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:20197
• [28]蒋国萍,肖国强,张炯明,等.海洋酸化条件下Cd2+和Hg2+对斧文蛤幼贝急性毒性效应[J].水生生物学报,2016,40(2):294-300Jiang G P,Xiao G Q,Zhang J M,et al.Effects of ocean acidification on the acute toxicity of Cd2+and Hg2+to juvenile Meretrix lamarckii[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2016,40(2):294-300(in Chinese)
• [29]Wang M,Lee J S,Li Y.Global proteome profiling of a marine copepod and the mitigating effect of ocean acidification on mercury toxicity after multigenerational exposure[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51(10):5820-5831
• [30]Su W,Zha S,Wang Y,et al.Benzo[a]pyrene exposure under future ocean acidification scenarios weakens the immune responses of blood clam,Tegillarca granosa[J].Fish Shellfish Immunology,2017,63:465-470
• [31]Huang X,Liu Y,Liu Z,et al.Impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles and ocean acidification on antioxidant responses of Mytilus coruscus[J].Chemosphere,2017,196:182-195
• [32]Wu F,Cui S,Sun M,et al.Combined effects of Zn O NPs and seawater acidification on the haemocyte parameters of thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,624:820-830
• [33]Yin Y,Hu Z,Du W,et al.Elevated CO2levels increase the toxicity of Zn O nanoparticles to goldfish(Carassius auratus)in a water-sediment ecosystem[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,327:64-70
• [34]Huang X,Lin D,Ning K,et al.Hemocyte responses of the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus exposed to nanoTi O2and seawater acidification[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2016,180:1-10
• [35]Hu M,Lin D,Shang Y,et al.CO2-induced pH reduction increases physiological toxicity of nano-Ti O2in the mussel Mytilus coruscus[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7:40015
• [36]Kadar E,Simmance F,Martin O,et al.The influence of engineered Fe2O3nanoparticles and soluble Fe Cl3iron on the developmental toxicity caused by CO2-induced seawater acidification[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(12):3490-3497
• [37]De Marchi L,Neto V,Pretti C,et al.The impacts of seawater acidification on Ruditapes philippinarum sensitivity to carbon nanoparticles[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2017,4(8):1692-1704
• [38]Gattuso J P,Brewer P,Hoegh-Guldberg O,et al.OceanAcidification[M].Oxford University Press,2011:129-131
• [39]Kuffner I B,Andersson A J,Jokiel P L,et al.Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1(2):114-117
• [40]Gao K,Ruan Z,Villafae V E,et al.Ocean acidification exacerbates the effect of UV radiation on the calcifying phytoplankter Emiliania huxleyi[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2009,54(6):1855-1862
• [41]Wu Y,Gao K,Riebesell U.CO2-induced seawater acidification affects physiological performance of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2010,7(9):2915-2923
• [42]Weydmann A,S?reide J E,Kwasniewski S,et al.Influence of CO2-induced acidification on the reproduction of a key Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2012,428(5):39-42
• [43]陈瑶,董炜峰,戴红,等.海洋酸化对日本虎斑猛水蚤抗氧化性指标和繁殖发育的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(1):144-149Chen Y,Dong W F,Dai H,et al.Influence of CO2-induced seawater acidification on the antioxidant parameters,development and reproduction in Tigriopus japonicus[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(1):144-149(in Chinese)
• [44]Lemasson A J,Fletcher S,Hall-Spencer J M,et al.Linking the biological impacts of ocean acidification on oysters to changes in ecosystem services:A review[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2017,492:49-62
• [45]赵信国,刘广绪.海洋酸化对海洋无脊椎动物的影响研究进展[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2388-2398Zhao X G,Liu G X.Advances in the effects of ocean acidification on marine invertebrates[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2388-2398(in Chinese)
• [46]张明亮,邹健,方建光,等.海洋酸化对栉孔扇贝钙化、呼吸以及能量代谢的影响[J].渔业科学进展,2011,32(4):48-54Zhang M L,Zou J,Fang J G,et al.Impacts of marine acidification on calcification,respiration and energy metabolism of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri[J].Progress in Fishery Sciences,2011,32(4):48-54(in Chinese)
• [47]Fitzer S C,Phoenix V R,Cusack M,et al.Ocean acidification impacts mussel control on biomineralisation[J].Scientific Reports,2014,4(4):6218
• [48]Fu C,Wilson J M,Rombough P J,et al.Ions first:Na+uptake shifts from the skin to the gills before O2uptake in developing rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Proceedings Biological Sciences,2010,277(1687):1553-1560
• [49]刘洪军,张振东,官曙光,等.海洋酸化效应对海水鱼类的综合影响评述[J].生态学报,2012,32(10):3233-3239Liu H J,Zhang Z D,Guan S G,et al.A review of comprehensive effect of ocean acidification on marine fishes[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(10):3233-3239(in Chinese)
• [50]Munday P L,Dixson D L,Donelson J M,et al.Ocean acidification impairs olfactory discrimination and homing ability of a marine fish[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2009,106(6):1848
• [51]王晓杰,宋佳坤,范纯新,等.海洋酸化对鱼类感觉和行为影响的研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(6):13-20Wang X J,Song J K,Fan C X,et al.Impacts of ocean acidification on sensory system and behavior in marine fish[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2015,10(6):13-20(in Chinese)
• [52]唐启升,陈镇东,余克服,等.海洋酸化及其与海洋生物及生态系统的关系[J].科学通报,2013,58(14):1307-1314Tang Q S,Chen Z D,Yu K F,et al.The effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms and ecosystem[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(14):1307-1314(in Chinese)
• [53]Bryan G W,Langston W J.Bioavailability,accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries:A review[J].Environmental Pollution,1992,76(2):89
• [54]Ivanina A V,Sokolova I M.Interactive effects of metal pollution and ocean acidification on physiology of marine organisms[J].Current Zoology,2015,61(4):653-668
• [55]Han T,Kang S H,Park J S,et al.Physiological responses of Ulva pertusa and U.armoricana to copper exposure[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2008,86(2):176-184
• [56]李钦,魏凤琴,谢文,等.Cd2+、Cu2+对坛紫菜生化效应研究[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2005,44(2):279-282Li Q,Wei F Q,Xie W,et al.Study on biochemical effect of Cu2+and Cd2+on Porphyra haitanensis[J].Journal of Xiamen University:Natural Science,2005,44(2):279-282(in Chinese)
• [57]Calabrese E J,Baldwin L A.Hormesis:U-shaped dose responses and their centrality in toxicology:U-shaped dose responses and their centrality in toxicology[J].Trends in Pharmacological Sciences,2001,22(6):285-291
• [58]Ismail M,Phang S M,Tong S L,et al.A modified toxicity testing method using tropical marine microalgae[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2002,75(2):145-154
• [59]沈建忠,陆德祥,张跃群,等.Cr3+、Zn2+对亚心型大扁藻生长的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(13):5840-5842Shen J Z,Lu D X,Zhang Y Q,et al.Effects of Cr3+and Zn2+on the growth of Plztymonas sp[J].Joumal of Anhui Agriculture Science,2009,37(13):5840-5842(in Chinese)
• [60]梁英,王帅.重金属对微藻胁迫的研究现状及前景[J].海洋湖沼通报,2009(4):72-82Liang Y,Wang S.Current status and prospect of studies on microalgae stress by heavy metals[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2009(4):72-82(in Chinese)
• [61]Hadjoudja S,Vignoles C,Deluchat V,et al.Short term copper toxicity on Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella vulgaris using flow cytometry[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2009,94(4):255-264
• [62]林汝榕,李少菁.浮游动物对重金属的累积及转移[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,1988(1):104-109Lin R R,Li S J.On the accumulation and transfer of heavy metal in some zooplankters from Xiamen Harbour[J].Journal of Xiamen University:Natural Science,1988(1):104-109(in Chinese)
• [63]Hook S E,Fisher N S.Exposure to silver via food reduces egg production and viability in herbivorous copepods and cladocerans[J].Marine Environmental Research,2000,50(1):551-552
• [64]林汝榕,李少菁.重金属对桡足类的急性毒性及其对排粪的生理效应[J].海洋环境科学,1988(3):9-17Lin R R,Li S J.Acute toxicity of heavy metals to copepods and their physiological effects on defecation[J].Marine Environmental Science,1988(3):9-17(in Chinese)
• [65]林汝榕,李少菁.铜,镉对中华哲水蚤氨基酸含量影响的实验研究[J].海洋与湖沼,1991,22(3):242-248Lin R R,Li S J.An experimental study of effects of copper and cadmium on amino acid contents in a copepod Calanus sinicus Brodsky[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1991,22(3):242-248(in Chinese)
• [66]李玉环,林洪.镉对海湾扇贝的急性毒性研究[J].渔业科学进展,2006,27(6):80-83Li Y H,Lin H.Acute toxicity of cadmium to Argopecten irradiams[J].Marine Fisheries Research,2006,27(6):80-83(in Chinese)
• [67]周一兵,尹春霞,杨建立.菲律宾蛤仔的呼吸与排泄对三种重金属慢性毒性的反应[J].大连海洋大学学报,1998,13(1):8-16Zhou Y B,Yin C X,Yang J L.The oxygen consumption and NH4-N excretion of Ruditapes philippinaram in relation to response to chronic toxicity of three heavy metals[J].Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,1998,13(1):8-16(in Chinese)
• [68]陈其晨,张克俭,徐关文.重金属对鱼类毒性的综合研究[J].水产学报,1988,12(1):21-33Chen Q C,Zhang K J,Xu G W.A comprehensive investigation on the toxic effects of heavy metals on fish[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1988,12(1):21-33(in Chinese)
• [69]黄伟,曹亮,窦硕增.重金属对鱼类早期发育的生态毒理效应[J].水产学报,2016,40(8):1272-1288Huang W,Cao L,Dou S Z.Studies of toxicity effects of heavy metals on early life stages of fish:A review[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2016,40(8):1272-1288(in Chinese)
• [70]Louis Y,Garnier C,Lenoble V,et al.Characterisation and modelling of marine dissolved organic matter interactions with major and trace cations[J].Marine Environmental Research,2009,67(2):100-107
• [71]De Orte M R,Sarmiento A M,Basallote M D,et al.Effects on the mobility of metals from acidification caused by possible CO2leakage from sub-seabed geological formations[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,s470-471(2):356-363
• [72]Roberts D A,Birchenough S N,Lewis C,et al.Ocean acidification increases the toxicity of contaminated sediments[J].Global Change Biology,2013,19(2):340-351
• [73]Basallote M D,De Orte M R,Delvalls T,et al.Studying the effect of CO2-induced acidification on sediment toxicity using acute amphipod toxicity test[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48(15):8864-8872
• [74]Richards R,Chaloupka M,SanòM,et al.Modelling the effects of‘coastal’acidification on copper speciation[J].Ecological Modelling,2011,222(19):3559-3567
• [75]Brand L E,Sunda W G,Guillard R R L.Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and cadmium[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2015,96(3):225-250
• [76]尹双,代燕,徐立,等.海洋酸化条件下重金属和金属纳米颗粒的环境行为及其对海洋生物的影响[J].中国科学:化学,2017,48(3):256-265Yin S,Dai Y,Xu L,et al.Environmental behaviors and toxicity of heavy metals and metallic nanoparticles to marine organisms under ocean acidification[J].Scientia Sinica:Chimica,2017,48(3):256-265(in Chinese)
• [77]Huang Y,Jiang Z,Zeng J,et al.The chronic effects of oil pollution on marine phytoplankton in a subtropical bay,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011,176(1):517-530
• [78]Boudreau T M,Sibley P K,Mabury S A,et al.Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS)on Selenastrum capricornutum,Chlorella vulgaris,Lemna gibba,Daphnia magna,and Daphnia pulicaria[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,44(3):307-313
• [79]Bopp S K,Lettieri T.Gene regulation in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana upon exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)[J].Gene,2007,396(2):293-302
• [80]Winston G W,Giulio R T D.Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms[J].Aquatic Toxicology,1991,19(2):137-161
• [81]蔡文贵,秦洁芳,贾晓平,等.邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯对翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)生化指标的影响[J].生态学杂志,2012(1):100-105Cai W G,Qin J F,Jia X P,et al.Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on the biochemical indices of green mussel(Perna viridis)[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012(1):100-105(in Chinese)
• [82]丛伟.多环芳烃(PAHs)对海洋鱼类胚胎发育的毒性效应研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2007:15-16Cong W.Toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)on embryonic development of marine fish[D].Xiamen:Xiamen University,2007:15-16(in Chinese)
• [83]孙凌斌.多环芳烃与海洋酸化对海洋鱼类的毒性效应研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2014:3-5Sun L B.Toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ocean acidification on marine fish[D].Xiamen:Xiamen University,2014:3-5(in Chinese)
• [84]Santos E C,Jacques R J S,Bento F M,et al.Anthracene biodegradation and surface activity by an iron-stimulated Pseudomonas sp[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(7):2644-2649
• [85]Bugg T D H.Dioxygenase enzymes:Catalytic mechanisms and chemical models[J].Cheminform,2003,34(49):7075-7101
• [86]Dinkla I J,Gabor E M,Janssen D B.Effects of iron limitation on the degradation of toluene by Pseudomonas strains carrying the tol(pWWO)plasmid[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2001,67(8):3406-3412
• [87]Shi D,Morel F M M.Ocean acidification slows nitrogen fixation and growth in the dominant diazotroph Trichodesmium under low-iron conditions[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012,109(45):3094-3100
• [88]Mostofa K M,Liu C Q,Vione D,et al.Sources,factors,mechanisms and possible solutions to pollutants in marine ecosystems[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,182(6):461-478
• [89]Erses A S,Onay T T,Yenigun O.Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of municipal solid waste in bioreactor landfills[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(13):5418
• [90]Jurado E,Jaward F,Lohmann R,et al.Wet deposition of persistent organic pollutants to the global oceans[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2005,39(8):2426-2435
• [91]Olaniran A O,Balgobind A,Pillay B.Quantitative assessment of the toxic effects of heavy metals on 1,2-dichloroethane biodegradation in co-contaminated soil under aerobic condition[J].Chemosphere,2011,85(5):839-847
• [92]Wang Q,Cao R,Ning X,et al.Effects of ocean acidification on immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas[J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2016,49:24-33
• [93]Santacroce M P,Pastore A S,Tinelli A,et al.Implications for chronic toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene in sea bream cultured hepatocytes:Cytotoxicity,inflammation,and cancerogenesis[J].Environmental Toxicology,2015,30(9):1045-1062
• [94]Liu S,Shi W,Guo C,et al.Ocean acidification weakens the immune response of blood clam through hampering the NF-kappaβand toll-like receptor pathways[J].Fish and Shellfish Immunology,2016,54:322-327
• [95]Frommel A Y,Maneja R,Lowe D,et al.Severe tissue damage in Atlantic cod larvae under increasing ocean acidification[J].Nature Climate Change,2012,2:42-46
• [96]Peng X,Palma S,Fisher N S,et al.Effect of morphology of Zn O nanostructures on their toxicity to marine algae[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2011,102(3-4):186-196
• [97]Xia B,Chen B,Sun X,et al.Interaction of Ti O2nanoparticles with the marine microalga Nitzschia closterium:Growth inhibition,oxidative stress and internalization[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,508:525-533
• [98]Snell T W,Hicks D G.Assessing toxicity of nanoparticles using Brachionus manjavacas(Rotifera)[J].Environmental Toxicology,2011,26(2):146-152
• [99]Shi W,Han Y,Guo C,et al.Immunotoxicity of nanoparticle n Ti O2to a commercial marine bivalve species,Tegillarca granosa[J].Fish Shellfish Immunology,2017,66:300-306
• [100]Guan X,Shi W,Zha S,et al.Neurotoxic impact of acute Ti O2nanoparticle exposure on a benthic marine bivalve mollusk,Tegillarca granosa[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2018,200:241-246
• [101]Canesi L,Ciacci C,Vallotto