张倩倩;乔敏;池海峰;

• 1:中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室
• 2:中国科学院大学
• 3:中国科学院城市环境研究所中国科学院城市环境与健康重点实验室

摘要(Abstract)：

土壤生态毒性测试在化学品管理和污染土壤评价等方面具有重要作用。传统的测试方法通常是利用生物个体、种群等水平上的存活、繁殖等测试终点来评价化学品或污染土壤对生态系统的影响。微宇宙等模拟生态系统和一些野外试验方法更接近生态系统的实际情况,但耗时更长、花费更高。与传统的测试方法相比,生物标志物敏感性高、响应速度快,有可能作为土壤污染的快速诊断工具。近年来,新技术的应用进一步促进了土壤生态毒理学的发展,如组学技术有助于理解有毒物的致毒机制,发现新的分子生物标志物。本文综述了目前土壤生态毒性测试的主要方法及其标准化和应用现状,同时对土壤生态毒性测试方法今后的研究方向及在我国环境管理中的应用提出展望。

关键词(KeyWords)： 土壤生态毒理学;生物标志物;标准测试;生态风险评价;成组测试

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金(21377154);; 国家高技术研究发展计划(863)项目(2013AA06A211,2012AA06A302)

作者(Author): 张倩倩;乔敏;池海峰;

Email:

DOI:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO17616 Soil Quality--Guidance on the Choice and Evaluation of Bioassays for Ecotoxicological Characterization of Soils and Soil Materials[S].Geneva:ISO,2008
• [2]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO15799 Soil Quality--Guidance on the Ecotoxicological Characterization of Soils and Soil Materials[S].Geneva:ISO,2003
• [3]Santorufo L,Van Gestel C A M,Rocco A,et al.Soil invertebrates as bioindicators of urban soil quality[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,161:57-63
• [4]Cortet J,Gomot-De Vauflery A,Poinsot-Balaguer N,et al.The use of invertebrate soil fauna in monitoring pollutant effects[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,1999,35(3):115-134
• [5]Loureiro S,Soares A M V M,Nogueira A J A.Terrestrial avoidance behaviour tests as screening tool to assess soil contamination[J].Environmental Pollution,2005,138(1):121-131
• [6]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO17512-1 Soil Quality--Avoidance Test for Determining the Quality of Soils and Effects of Chemicals on Behaviour--Part 1:Test with Earthworms(Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei)[S].Geneva:ISO,2008
• [7]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO17512-2 Soil Quality--Avoidance Test for Determining the Quality of Soils and Effects of Chemicals on Behaviour--Part 2:Test with Collembolans(Folsomia Candida)[S].Geneva:ISO,2011
• [8]Amorim M J B,Novais S,R9mbke J,et al.Enchytraeus albidus(Enchytraeidae):A test organism in a standardised avoidance test?Effects of different chemical substances[J].Environment International,2008,34(3):363-371
• [9]Owojori O J,Healey J,Princz J,et al.Can avoidance behavior of the mite Oppia nitens be used as a rapid toxicity test for soils contaminated with metals or organic chemicals?[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30(11):2594-2601
• [10]Amorim M J B,Novais S,R9mbke J,et al.Avoidance test with Enchytraeus albidus(Enchytraeidae):Effects of different exposure time and soil properties[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,155(1):112-116
• [11]Pereira C,Novais S C,Soares A,et al.Dimethoate affects cholinesterases in Folsomia candida and their locomotion-false negative results of an avoidance behaviour test[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,443:821-827
• [12]Bicho R C,Gomes S,Soares A,et al.Non-avoidance behaviour in enchytraeids to boric acid is related to the GABAergic mechanism[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(9):6898-6903
• [13]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO22030 Soil Quality--Biological Methods--Chronic Toxicity in Higher Plants[S].Geneva:ISO,2005
• [14]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO11269-2 Soil Quality--Determination of the Effects of Pollutants on Soil Flora--Part 2:Effects of Chemicals on the Emergence and Growth of Higher Plants[S].Geneva:ISO,2005
• [15]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Test No.208:Terrestrial Plant Test:Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test[S].Paris:OECD,2006
• [16]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Test No.227:Terrestrial Plant Test:Vegetative Vigour Test[S].Paris:OECD,2006
• [17]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO17126 Soil Quality--Determination of the Effects of Pol-lutants on Soil Flora--Screening Test for Emergence of Lettuce Seedlings(Lactuca sativa L.)[S].Geneva:ISO,2005
• [18]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO11269-1 Soil Quality--Determination of the Effects of Pollutants on Soil Flora--Part 1:Method for the Measurement of Inhibition of Root Growth[S].Geneva:ISO,2012
• [19]Kalsch W,Junker T,R9mbke J.A chronic plant test for the assessment of contaminated soils.Part 2:Testing of contaminated soils[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2006,6(2):92-101
• [20]Kalsch W,Junker T,R9mbke J.A chronic plant test for the assessment of contaminated soils.Part 1:Method development[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2006,6(1):37-45
• [21]Hofman J,Bezchlebova J,Dusek L,et al.Novel approach to monitoring of the soil biological quality[J].Environment International,2003,28(8):771-778
• [22]Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment(OEHHA).Soil toxicity and bioassessment test methods for ecological risk assessment[R].Sacramento,CA,USA:California Environmental Protection Agency,2008
• [23]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO17155 Soil Quality--Determination of Abundance and Activity of Soil Microflora Using Respiration Curves[S].Geneva:ISO,2012
• [24]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO15685 Soil Quality--Determination of Potential Nitrification and Inhibition of Nitrification--Rapid Test by Ammonium Oxidation[S].Geneva:ISO,2012
• [25]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO14238 Soil Quality--Biological Methods--Determination of Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrification in Soils and the Influence of Chemicals on these Processes[S].Geneva:ISO,2012
• [26]刘善江,夏雪,陈桂梅,等.土壤酶的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2011(21):1-7Liu S J,Xia X,Chen G M,et al.Study progress on functions and affecting factors of soil enzymes[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011(21):1-7(in Chinese)
• [27]Ma J,Shen J,Liu Q,et al.Risk assessment of petroleumcontaminated soil using soil enzyme activities and genotoxicity to Vicia faba[J].Ecotoxicology,2014,23(4):665-673
• [28]van Coller-Myburgh C,van Rensburg L,Maboeta M.Utilizing earthworm and microbial assays to assess the ecotoxicity of chromium mine wastes[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2014,83:258-265
• [29]Chen Q L,Wang H,Yang B S,et al.The combined effects of atrazine and lead(Pb):Relative microbial activities and herbicide dissipation[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,102:93-99
• [30]Hu B,Liang D L,Liu J J,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of copper and selenium combined pollution on soil enzyme activities in planted and unplanted soils[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2013,32(5):1109-1116
• [31]Wyszkowska J,Kucharski J,Kucharski M,et al.Effect of cadmium,copper and zinc on plants,soil microorganisms and soil enzymes[J].Journal of Elemntology,2013,18(4):769-796
• [32]Zhang W,Zhang M,An S,et al.The combined effect of decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209)and copper(Cu)on soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2012,34(2):358-369
• [33]Zhang W,Zhang M,An S,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of decabromodiphenyl ether and cadmium contamination on soil microbes and enzymes[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,82:71-79
• [34]Hu X,Jiang Y,Shu Y,et al.Effects of mining wastewater discharges on heavy metal pollution and soil enzyme activity of the paddy fields[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,147:139-150
• [35]Klose S,Tabatabai M A.Urease activity of microbial biomass in soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(2):205-211
• [36]Alkorta I,Aizpurua A,Riga P,et al.Soil enzyme activities as biological indicators of soil health[J].Reviews on Environmental Health,2003,18(1):65-73
• [37]Skujin2 J,Burns R G.Extracellular enzymes in soil[J].CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology,1976,4(4):383-421
• [38]Loureiro S,Ferreira A L G,Soares A M V M,et al.Evaluation of the toxicity of two soils from Jales Mine(Portugal)using aquatic bioassays[J].Chemosphere,2005,61(2):168-177
• [39]Zolezzi M,Cattaneo C,Tarazona J V.Probabilistic ecological risk assessment of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at a former industrial contaminated site[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(9):2920-2926
• [40]Eom I C,Rast C,Veber A M,et al.Ecotoxicity of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)-contaminated soil[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2007,67(2):190-205
• [41]García-Gómez C,Babin M,Obrador A,et al.Toxicity of Zn O nanoparticles,Zn O bulk,and Zn Cl2on earthworms in a spiked natural soil and toxicological effects of leachates on aquatic organisms[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2014,67(4):465-473
• [42]Kuhne W W,Caldwell C A,Gould W R,et al.Effects of depleted uranium on the health and survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2002,21(10):2198-2203
• [43]Parvez S,Venkataraman C,Mukherji S.A review on advantages of implementing luminescence inhibition test(Vibrio fischeri)for acute toxicity prediction of chemicals[J].Environment International,2006,32(2):265-268
• [44]Heinlaan M,Kahru A,Kasemets K,et al.Rapid screening for soil ecotoxicity with a battery of luminescent bacteria tests[J].Alternatives to Laboratory Animals,2007,35(1):101-110
• [45]Schnug L,Jensen J,Scott-Fordsmand J J,et al.Toxicity of three biocides to springtails and earthworms in a soil multi-species(SMS)test system[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2014,74:115-126
• [46]Sechi V,D'Annibale A,Maraldo K,et al.Species composition of a soil invertebrate multi-species test system determines the level of ecotoxicity[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184(S1):586-596
• [47]Chelinho S,Domene X,Andres P,et al.Soil microarthropod community testing:A new approach to increase the ecological relevance of effect data for pesticide risk assessment[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2014,83:200-209
• [48]Riemens M M,Dueck T,Kempenaar C,et al.Sublethal effects of herbicides on the biomass and seed production of terrestrial non-crop plant species,influenced by environment,development stage and assessment date[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(8-9):2306-2313
• [49]United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA).Ecological Effects Test Guidelines-OCSPP 850.4900:Terrestrial Soil-Core Microcosm Test[S].Washington DC:USEPA,2012
• [50]United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA).Ecological Effects Test Guidelines-OCSPP 850.2500:Field Testing for Terrestrial Wildlife[S].Washington DC:USEPA,2012
• [51]United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA).Ecological Effects Test Guidelines-OCSPP 850.4300:Terrestrial Plants Field Study[S].Washington DC:USEPA,2012
• [52]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO11268-3 Soil Quality--Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms--Part 3:Guidance on the Determination of Effects in Field Situations[S].Geneva:ISO,2014
• [53]Knacker T,F9rster B,R9mbke J,et al.Assessing the effects of plant protection products on organic matter breakdown in arable fields—litter decomposition test systems[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35(10):1269-1287
• [54]Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).No 56:Guidance Document on the Breakdown of Organic Matter in Litter Bags[S].Paris:OECD,2006
• [55]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO18311:2016 Soil Quality--Method for Testing Effects of Soil Contaminants on the Feeding Activity of Soil Dwelling Organisms--Bait-lamina Test[S].Geneva:ISO,2016
• [56]Spurgeon D J,Ricketts H,Svendsen C,et al.Hierarchical responses of soil invertebrates(earthworms)to toxic metal stress[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(14):5327-5334
• [57]Van Gestel C A M,Van Brummelen T C.Incorporation of the biomarker concept in ecotoxicology calls for a redefinition of terms[J].Ecotoxicology,1996,5(4):217-225
• [58]Irizar A,Rivas C,García-Velasco N,et al.Establishment of toxicity thresholds in subpopulations of coelomocytes(amoebocytes vs.eleocytes)of Eisenia fetida exposed in vitro to a variety of metals:implications for biomarker measurements[J].Ecotoxicology,2015,24(5):1004-1013
• [59]Irizar A,Duarte D,Guilhermino L,et al.Optimization of NRU assay in primary cultures of Eisenia fetida for metal toxicity assessment[J].Ecotoxicology,2014,23(7):1326-1335
• [60]Svendsen C,Spurgeon D J,Hankard P K,et al.A review of lysosomal membrane stability measured by neutral red retention:Is it a workable earthworm biomarker?[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2004,57(1):20-29
• [61]Nadeau D,Corneau S,Plante I,et al.Evaluation for Hsp70 as a biomarker of effect of pollutants on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris[J].Cell Stress&Chaperones,2001,6(2):153-163
• [62]Lin D S,Li Y,Zhou Q X,et al.Effect of triclosan on reproduction,DNA damage and heat shock protein gene expression of the earthworm Eisenia Fetida[J].Ecotoxicology,2014,23(10SI):1826-1832
• [63]陈春,周启星.金属硫蛋白作为重金属污染生物标志物的研究进展[J].农业环境科学学报,2009(3):425-432Chen Ch,Zhou Q X.Researching advance in metallothionein and its biomarker of heavy metal contamination[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009(3):425-432(in Chinese)
• [64]Demuynck S,Grumiaux F,Mottier V,et al.Metallothionein response following cadmium exposure in the oligochaete Eisenia fetida[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part C:Toxicology&Pharmacology,2006,144(1):34-46
• [65]Calisi A,Lionetto M G,De Lorenzis E,et al.Metallothionein induction in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris following heavy metal exposure:A short report[R].Biomed Research International,2014(109386)
• [66]Dedeke G A,Owagboriaye F O,Adebambo A O,et al.Earthworm metallothionein production as biomarker of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soil[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2016,104:42-47
• [67]Maria V L,Ribeiro M J,Amorim M.Oxidative stress biomarkers and metallothionein in Folsomia candida-responses to Cu and Cd[J].Environmental Research,2014,133:164-169
• [68]Guo R Z,Ding X Y,Zhong X X,et al.Molecular and ultrastructural insights into the earthworm Eisenia fetida of the assessment of ecotoxicity during colistin exposure[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(23):13405-13411
• [69]Novais S C,Gomes N C,Soares A,et al.Antioxidant and neurotoxicity markers in the model organism Enchytraeus albidus(Oligochaeta):Mechanisms of response to atrazine,dimethoate and carbendazim[J].Ecotoxicology,2014,23(7):1220-1233
• [70]王晶,周启星,张倩茹,等.沙蚕暴露于石油烃、Cu2+和Cd2+毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应[J].环境科学,2007(8):1796-1801Wang J,Zhou Q X,Zhang Q R,et al.Toxic effects of petroleum hydrocarbons,copper and cadmium on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube and on its responses in acetycholinesterase activity[J].Environmental Science,2007(8):1796-1801(in Chinese)
• [71]Ribera D,Narbonne J F,Arnaud C,et al.Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei exposed to contaminated artificial soil,effects of carbaryl[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(7):1123-1130
• [72]Saint-Denis M,Narbonne J F,Arnaud C,et al.Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei exposed to contaminated artificial soil:Effects of lead acetate[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(3):395-404
• [73]Saint-Denis M,Narbonne J F,Arnaud C,et al.Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei exposed to contaminated artificial soil:Effects of benzo(a)pyrene[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(13):1837-1846
• [74]张薇,宋玉芳,孙铁珩,等.蚯蚓细胞色素P450生物标记物方法研究[J].环境科学,2006(8):1636-1642Zhang W,Song Y F,Sun T H,et al.Establishment of method for cytochrome P450 of earthworms(Eisenia fetida)as a biomarker[J].Environmental Science,2006(8):1636-1642(in Chinese)
• [75]李昕馨,宋玉芳,杨道丽,等.小麦细胞色素P450作为土壤污染生物标记物的研究[J].环境化学,2006(3):283-287Li X X,Song Y F,Yang D L,et al.Cytochrome P450 in wheat as a biomarker for diagnosing pollution in soil[J].Environmental Chemistry,2006(3):283-287(in Chinese)
• [76]Cao X F,Song Y F,Kai J R,et al.Evaluation of EROD and CYP3A4 activities in earthworm Eisenia fetida as biomarkers for soil heavy metal contamination[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,243:146-151
• [77]Schreck E,Geret F,Gontier L,et al.Neurotoxic effect and metabolic responses induced by a mixture of six pesticides on the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa nocturna[J].Chemosphere,2008,71(10):1832-1839
• [78]Xiong W G,Ding X Y,Zhang Y M,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of a veterinary food additive,copper sulphate,on antioxidant enzymes and m RNA expression in earthworms[J].Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology,2014,37(1):134-140
• [79]Velki M,Hackenberger B K.Biomarker responses in earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to pirimiphos-methyl and deltamethrin using different toxicity tests[J].Chemosphere,2013,90(3):1216-1226
• [80]Zhang Q M,Zhu L S,Wang J,et al.Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the earthworm Eisenia fetida induced by low doses of fomesafen[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(1):201-208
• [81]Zhang Q M,Zhang B H,Wang C X.Ecotoxicological effects on the earthworm Eisenia fetida following exposure to soil contaminated with imidacloprid[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(21):12345-12353
• [82]Velki M,Hackenberger B K,Loncaric Z,et al.Application of microcosmic system for assessment of insecticide effects on biomarker responses in ecologically different earthworm species[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,104:110-119
• [83]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO13829 Water Quality--Determination of the Genotoxicity of Water and Waste Water Using the Umu-Test[S].Geneva:ISO,2000
• [84]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO16240 Water Quality--Determination of the Genotoxicity of Water and Waste Water--Salmonella/microsome Test(Ames Test)[S].Geneva:ISO,2005
• [85]Misik M,Ma T H,Nersesyan A,et al.Micronucleus assays with Tradescantia pollen tetrads:An update[J].Mutagenesis,2011,26(1SI):215-221
• [86]International Organization for Standardization(ISO).ISO29200 Soil Quality--Assessment of Genotoxic Effects on Higher Plants--Vicia Faba Micronucleus Test[S].Geneva:ISO,2013
• [87]Dhawan A,Bajpayee M,Parmar D.Comet assay:A reliable tool for the assessment of DNA damage in different models[J].Cell Biology and Toxicology,2009,25(1):5-32
• [88]Vasseur P,Bonnard M.Ecogenotoxicology in earthworms:A review[J].Current Zoology,2014,60(2):255-272
• [89]Kong D,Wang Y,Wang J,et al.Evaluation and characterization of thyroid-disrupting activities in soil samples along the Second Songhua River,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2016,133:475-480
• [90]Li J,Wang Y,Kong D,et al.Evaluation and characterization of anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities in soil samples along the Second Songhua River,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2015,187(11):724
• [91]李剑,饶凯锋,马梅,等.核受体超家族及其酵母双杂交检测技术[J].生态毒理学报,2008,3(6):521-532Li J,Rao K F,Ma M,et al.Nuclear receptor superfamily and yeast two-hybrid system[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2008,3(6):521-532(in Chinese)
• [92]端正花,朱琳.生态毒理基因组学——后基因组时代生态毒理学的新领域[J].生态毒理学报,2007,2(2):136-141Duan Zh H,Zhu L.Ecotoxicogenomics--The new challenge of ecotoxicology in the post-genomic era[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2007,2(2):136-141(in Chinese)
• [93]Roh J Y,Lee H,Kwon J H.Changes in the expression of cyp35a family genes in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans under controlled exposure to chlorpyrifos using passive dosing[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(17):10475-10481
• [94]Brulle F,Morgan A J,Cocquerelle C,et al.Transcriptomic underpinning of toxicant-mediated physiological function alterations in three terrestrial invertebrate taxa:A review[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(9):2793-2808
• [95]Kloeke A,Gong P,Ellers J,et al.Effects of a natural toxin on life history and gene expression of Eisenia andrei[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2014,33(2):412-420
• [96]Gao Y H,Sun X S,Gu X R,et al.Gene expression responses in different regions of Eisenia fetida with antiparasitic albendazole exposure[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2013,89:239-244
• [97]Lourenco J,Pereira R,Goncalves F,et al.SSH gene expression profile of Eisenia andrei exposed in situ to a naturally contaminated soil from an abandoned uranium mine[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2013,88:16-25
• [98]Nakamori T,Fujimori A,Kinoshita K,et al.m RNA expression of a cadmium-responsive gene is a sensitive biomarker of cadmium exposure in the soil collembolan Folsomia candida[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(5):1689-1695
• [99]Chen G Q,de Boer T E,Wagelmans M,et al.Integrating transcriptomics into triad-based soil-quality assessment[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2014,33(4):900-909
• [100]Novais S C,De Coen W,Amorim M.Transcriptional responses in Enchytraeus albidus(Oligochaeta):Comparison between cadmium and zinc expos