罗莹;刘娜;徐建;胡秀峰;许宜平;金小伟;

• 1:河北大学化学与环境科学学院
• 2:中国环境科学研究院环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室
• 3:中国科学院生态环境研究中心
• 4:中国环境监测总站

摘要(Abstract)：

磷酸三苯酯(triphenyl phosphate,TPP)在电缆材料、塑料制品中被大量使用,是地表水中检出频率最高的有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂之一,近年来受到广泛关注。本文通过文献检索TPP的地表水环境暴露浓度以及对水生生物的毒性效应浓度,利用风险商(hazard quotient,HQ)和概率生态风险评价法(probabilistic ecological risk assessments,PERA)对我国主要地表水中的TPP进行多层次生态风险评价。结果显示,TPP在我国地表水中的浓度为0.2～96.3 ng·L~(-1),以生存为测试终点的急性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration,PNEC)为36.49μg·L~(-1),而以繁殖、发育和生长等为测试终点的慢性毒性数据推导出的PNEC值为1.30μg·L~(-1)。基于急、慢性毒性数据计算的风险商均小于0.1。我国地表水中TPP对0.1%到1%的水生生物造成繁殖、发育和生长等慢性毒性影响的概率分别为1.40%和0.04%,存在较低的潜在生态风险。

关键词(KeyWords)： 磷酸三苯酯;物种敏感度分布曲线;生态风险评估;地表水

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2017ZX07302-001);; 国家自然科学基金(41673120);; 国家自然科学重点基金(21437006)

作者(Author): 罗莹;刘娜;徐建;胡秀峰;许宜平;金小伟;

Email:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]蔡哲,张宏,贺红武.有机磷阻燃剂研究新进展[J].精细化工中间体,2010,40(4):6-13Cai Z,Zhang H,He H W.Recent achievements of organophosphorus flame retardants[J].Fine Chemical Intermediates,2010,40(4):6-13(in Chinese)
• [2]李秀平,贾小川,李晶.磷酸三苯酯的应用及合成方法研究进展[J].精细石油化工,2013,30(4):83-86Li X P,Jia X C,Li J.Progress in the application and synthesis of three phenyl phosphate[J].Fine Chemical Intermediates,2013,30(4):83-86(in Chinese)
• [3]van der Veen I,de Boer J.Phosphorus flame retardants:Properties,production,environmental occurrence,toxicity and analysis[J].Chemosphere,2012,88(10):1119-1153
• [4]Quintana J B,Rodil R,Lopez-mahia P,et al.Optimization of a selective method for the determination of organophorous trimesters in outdoor particulate samples by pressurized liquid extraction and large-volume injection gas chromatography-positive chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2007,388(5-6):1283-1293
• [5]秦宏兵,范苓,顾海东.固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中6种有机磷酸酯类阻燃剂和增塑剂[J].分析科学学报,2014,30(2):259-262Qin H B,Fan L,Gu H D.Determination of 6 organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in water by solid phase extraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Analytical Science,2014,30(2):259-262(in Chinese)
• [6]何丽雄,曹曙霞,曾祥英,等.固相萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用技术快速测定水中有机磷酸酯阻燃剂与增塑剂[J].分析测试学报,2013,32(4):437-441He L X,Cao S X,Zeng X Y,et al.Rapid determination of organic phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in water by solid phase extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Analytical Science,2013,32(4):437-441(in Chinese)
• [7]Wang X,Liu J,Yin Y.Development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for high throughput determination of organophosphorus flame retardants in environmental water[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2011,1218:6705-6711
• [8]张明兴.石墨烯联合磷酸三苯酯对紫贻贝的毒理效应[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016:11Zhang M X.Studies on the toxicological effect of graphene combined with triphenyl phosphate on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and its mechanism[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016:11(in Chinese)
• [9]Shi Y L,Cai Y Q,Gao L H,et al.Occurrence,distribution and seasonal variation of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban surface water in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,209:1-10
• [10]Bollmann U E,Moller A,Xie Z,et al.Occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in coastal and marine surface waters[J].Water Research,2012,46(2):531-538
• [11]Andresena J A,Grundmannb A,Bester K.Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticisers in surface waters[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,332:155-166
• [12]Bacaloni A,Cavaliere C,Foglia P,et al.Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in drinking and surface waters[J].Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2007,21:1123-1130
• [13]Alessandro B,Francesca C,Chiara G,et al.Occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardant and plasticizers in three volcanic lakes of central Italy[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42:1898-1903
• [14]Cristale J,Katsoyiannis A,Sweetman A J,et al.Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants in the River Aire(UK)[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,179:194-200
• [15]Elena M C,Carmen G B,Andrea S,et al.Determination of selected organophosphate esters in the aquatic environment of Austria[J].Science of the Total Environment,2007,388:290-299
• [16]Wang R M,Tang J H,Xie Z Y,et al.Occurrence and spatial distribution of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in 40 rivers draining into the Bohai Sea,North China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,198:172-178
• [17]李俊.有机磷酸酯阻燃剂在饮用水及大气中的分布特征及健康风险评价[D].南京:南京大学,2014:20-28Li J.Occurrence and health risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in drinking water and air[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2014:20-28(in Chinese)
• [18]谭晓欣.珠江三角洲沉积物和水生生物中有机磷系阻燃剂的分布特征[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016:4-5Tan X X.Distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments and aquatic organisms from the Pearl River Delta[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016:4-5(in Chinese)
• [19]Garcia-lopez M,Rodriguez I,Cela R,et al.Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers is sediment samples using microuwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2009,79(3):824-829
• [20]Chen D,Letcher R J,Chu S.Determination of non-halogenated,chlorinated and brominated organophosphate flame retardants in herring gull eggs based on liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2012,1220:169-174
• [21]Campone L,Piccinell A L,Ostman C,et al.Determination of organophosphate flame retardants in fish tissues by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2010,397(2):799-806
• [22]彭涛,王思思,任琳,等.磷酸三苯酯对斑马鱼早期生命阶段的神经毒性研究[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(1):254-260Peng T,Wang S S,Ren L,et al.Neurotoxicity of triphenyl phosphate on the early life stages of zebrafish[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2016,11(1):254-260(in Chinese)
• [23]Yuan S L,Li H,Lin C S,et al.Effects of triphenyl phosphate on growth,reproduction and transcription of genes of Daphnia magna[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2018,195:58-66
• [24]Du Z,Zhang Y,Wang G,et al.TPhP exposure disturbs carbohydrate metabolism,lipid metabolism,and the DNA damage repair system in zebrafish liver[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(11):21827
• [25]Camarasa J G,Serrabaldrich E.Allergic contact dermatitis from triphenyl phosphate[J].Contact Dermatitis,1992,26(4):264-265
• [26]Meeker J D,Stapleton H M.House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2010,118(3):318-323
• [27]Muir D C G,Yarechewski A L,Grift N P.Environmental dynamics of phosphate esters.III.Comparison of the bioconcentration of four triaryl phosphates by fish[J].Chemosphere,1983,12(2):155-166
• [28]Sundkvist A M,Olofsson U,Haglund P.Organophosphorus flame retardants plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2010,12(4):943-951
• [29]WHO.EHC111:Triphenyl phosphate[S].Geneva,Switzerland:WHO,1991
• [30]Lassen C,Lokke S.Brominated flame retardants:Substance flow analysis and assessment of alternatives.DKEPA Report No.494[R].Copenhagen:Danish Environmental Protection Agency,1999
• [31]Scanlan L D,Loguinov A V,Teng Q,et al.Gene transcription,metabolite and lipid profiling in eco-indicator Daphnia magna indicate diverse mechanisms of toxicity by legacy and emerging flame-retardants[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(12):7400-7410
• [32]Mayer F L,Adams W J,Finley M T,et al.Phosphate ester hydraulic fluids:An aquatic environmental assessment of Pydrauls 50E and 115E[J].ASTM Special Technical Publication,1979,737:103-123
• [33]Solomon S S,Fang F F,Li S N,et al.In vivo inhibition and recovery of brain acetylcholinesterase in topmouth gudgeon(Pseudorasobora parva)following exposure to fenitrothion[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science,2000,A1(4):448-455
• [34]Mayer F L,Ellersieck M R.Manual of Acute Toxicity:Interpretation and Data Base for 410 Chemicals and 66Species of Freshwater Animals[M].Washington DC:USDI Fish and Wildlife Service,1986:505
• [35]Brooke L T,Geiger D L,Poirier S H,et al.Acute toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows(Pimephales promelas)[J].Journal of Physiology,1986,440(440):189-206
• [36]Huckins J N,Fairchild J F,Boyle T P.Role of exposure mode in the bioavailability of triphenyl phosphate to aquatic organisms[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1991,21(4):481-485
• [37]Sasaki K,Takeda M,Uchiyama M.Toxicity,absorption and elimination of phosphoric acid triesters by killifish and goldfish[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1981,27:775-782
• [38]Sitthichaikasem S.Some toxicological effects of phosphate esters on rainbow trout and bluegill[D].Ames,IA:Iowa State University,1978:258
• [39]Ziegenfuss P S,Renaudette W J,Adams W J.Methodology for assessing the acute toxicity of chemicals sorbed to sediments:Testing the Equilibrium Partitioning Theory[J].ASTM Special Technical Publication,1986,9:479-493
• [40]Liu X,Ji K,Moon H B,et al.Effects of TDCPP or TPP on gene transcriptions and hormores of HPG Axis,and their consequences on reproduction in adult zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2013,135:104-111
• [41]Millington L A,Goulding K H,Adams N.The Influence of growth medium composition on the toxicity of chemicals to algae[J].Water Research,1988,22(12):1593-1597
• [42]Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use(CVMP).Guideline on Environmental Impact Assessment for Veterinary Medicinal Products.Phase II.European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections[R].London,UK:European Medicines Agency,2004
• [43]Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use(CHMP).Guideline on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use.European Medicines Agency Pre-Authorization Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use[J].London,UK:European Medicines Agency,2004
• [44]Solomon K,Giesy J,Jones P.Probabilistic risk assessment of agrochemicals in the environment[J].Crop Protection,2000,19(8-10):649-655
• [45]Jin X W,Wang Y,Wang Z,et al.Ecological risk of nonylphenol in China surface waters based on reproductive fitness[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48:1256-1262
• [46]Jin X W,Gao J,Zha J,et al.A tiered ecological risk assessment of three chlorophenols in Chinese surface waters[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2012,19:1544-1554
• [47]Liu N,Wang Y Y,Jin X W,et al.Probabilistic assessment of risks of diethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)in surface waters of China on reproduction of fish[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,213:482-488
• [48]刘娜.典型PPCPs繁殖毒性效应与水生态风险评价[D].北京:中国地质大学,2016:63-64Liu N.Study for reproductive toxicity effect and ecological risk assessment of typical PPCPs[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2016:63-64(in Chinese)
• [49]金小伟,雷炳莉,许宜平,等.水生态基准方法学概述及建立我国水生态基准的探讨[J].生态毒理学报,2009,4(5):609-616Jin X W,Lei B L,Xu Y P,et al.Methodologies forderiving water quality criteria to protect aquatic life(ALC)and proposal for development of ALC in China:A review[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2009,4(5):609-616(in Chinese)
• [50]梁霞,周军英,李建宏,等.物种敏感度分布法(SSD)在农药水质基准推导中的应用[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(3):398-405Liang X,Zhou J Y,Li J H,et al.Application of species sensitivity distribution(SSD)to derivation of water quality criteria for pesticides[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(3):398-405(in Chinese)
• [51]刘娜,金小伟,王业耀,等.生态毒理数据筛查与评价准则研究[J].生态毒理学报,2016,11(3):1-10Liu N,Jin X W,Wang Y Y,et al.Review of criteria for screening and evaluating ecotoxicity data[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2016,11(3):1-10(in Chinese)
• [52]Solomon K R,Baker D B,Richards R P,et al.Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1996,15(1):31-74
• [53]Giesy J P,Solomon K R,Coats J R,et al.Chlorpyrifos:Ecological risk assessment in North American aquatic environments[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1999,160:1-129
• [54]雷炳莉,黄圣彪,王子建.生态风险评价理论和方法[J].化学进展,2009,21(2/3):350-357Lei B L,Huang S B,Wang Z J.Theories and methods of ecological risk assessment[J].Progress in Chemistry,2009,21(2/3):350-357(in Chinese)
• [55]Hose G C,Brink P J V.Confirming the species-sensitivity distribution concept for endosulfan using laboratory,mesocosm,and field data[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2004,47(4):511-520
• [56]Jin X W,Zha J M,Xu Y P,et al.Derivation of aquatic predicted no-effect concentration(PNEC)for 2,4-dichlorophenol:Comparing native species data with non-native species data[J].Chemosphere,2011,84(10):1506-1511
• [57]Wang Y Y,Zhang L S,Meng F S,et al.Improvement on species sensitivity distribution methods for deriving sitespecific water quality criteria[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(7):5271-5282