王蕾;刘建梅;刘济宁;石利利;

• 1:环境保护部南京环境科学研究所
• 2:南京工业大学生物与制药工程学院

摘要(Abstract)：

水生态模拟系统是用于高层次化学品生态风险评估的测试模型,目前在国外已经广泛用于工业化学品、农药、兽药、重金属等单一化学物质和复杂混合物的生态风险评估研究,而我国的相关研究比较匮乏。随着我国化学品风险评估体系的完善,水生态模拟系统测试必将作为作为单一生物毒性测试的有效补充。在此背景下,简述了水生态模拟系统的分类、研究方法和结果外推方法;从单一化学物质暴露作用下的生态危害评估、多种化学物质联合暴露作用下的生态危害评估以及目标化学物质的归趋分析三个方面阐述了水生态模拟系统在国内外化学品风险评估科学研究中的应用,对比了水生态模拟系统和单一物种毒性测试结果和基于两种测试数据的生态危害评估结果。与此同时,分析了水生态模拟系统在国内外化学品环境管理中的应用情况。在此基础上,对我国发展水生态模拟系统所存在的问题及解决方案提出了建议。

关键词(KeyWords)： 化学品;水生态模拟系统;生态风险评估;生态危害评估;环境管理

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)(No.2013AA06A308)“PBT/PvB分类技术体系及智能筛选平台开发”(科研院所技术开发研究专项)

作者(Author): 王蕾;刘建梅;刘济宁;石利利;

Email:

DOI:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]姚薇,王一喆.化学品风险评估制度建设进展和建议[J].环境工程技术学报,2011,1(5):431-437 Yao W,Wang Y Z.Development and suggestions on chemical risk assessment system establishment[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2011,1(5):431-437(in Chinese)
• [2]Crossland N O,Heimbach F,Hil I R,et al.Summary and Recommendations of the European Workshop on Freshwater Field Tests(EWOFFT)[M].Freshwater Field Tests for Hazard Assessment of Chemicals,Boca Raton:Lewis Publishers,1994:9-10
• [3]Wijngaarden R P A.Interpretation and Extrapolation of Ecological Responses in Model Ecosystems Stressed with Non-persistent Insecticides[M].Wageningen:Alterra,2006:33-235
• [4]OECD.Chapter 4 contains guidance for assessing the hazards of chemical substances to man and the environment,Manual for the Assessment of Chemicals[EB/OL].(2011-12).http://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/risk-assessment/manualfortheassessmentofchemicals.ht
• [5]U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.EPA/630/R-95/002F:Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment[R].Washington,DC:Federal Register,1998,63(93):26846-26924,
• [6]王宏,杨霓云,余若祯,等.我国新化学物质生态风险评价数据外推技术探讨[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(7):805-809Wang H,Yang N Y,Yu R Z,et al.Research on extrapolation techniques of eco-environmental risk assessment for new chemicals in China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2009,22(7):805-809(in Chinese)
• [7]Brinke M,Hss S,Fink G,et al.Assessing effects of the pharmaceutical ivermectin on meiobenthic communities using freshwater microcosms[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2010,99(2):126-137
• [8]Sijm D T H M,van Wezel A P,Crommentujin T.Environmental risk limits in the Netherlands[M]//Posthuma L,Suter G W II,Traas T P.Ed.Species-Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology.Boca Raton:CRC Press,2002:221-225
• [9]Solomon K R,Brock T C,Zwart D D,et al.Extrapolation in the context of criteria of setting and risk assessment[M]//Gorsuch J W.Ed.Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals.Boca Raton:CRC Press,2008:1-33
• [10]Sanderson H,Laird B,Pope L,et al.Assessment of the environmental fate and effects of ivermectin in aquatic mesocosms[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2007,85(4):229-240
• [11]Posthuma L,Traas T P,Suter G W II.General introduction to species sensitivityity distributions[M]//Posthuma L,Suter G W II,Traas T P.Ed.Species Sensitivity Dis-tributions in Ecotoxicology.Boca Raton:CRC Press,2002:5-7
• [12]Brain R A,Sanderson H,Sibley P K,et al.Probabilistic ecological hazard assessment:Evaluating pharmaceutical effects on aquatic higher plants as an example[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2006,64(2):128-135
• [13]Wijngaarden R P A,Arts G H P,Belgers J D M,et al.The species sensitivity distribution approach compared to a microcosm study:A case study with the fungicide fluazinam[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2010,73(2):109-122
• [14]Vervliet-Scheebaum M,Straus A,Tremp H,et al.A microcosm system to evaluate the toxicity of the triazine herbicide simazine on aquatic macrophytes[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(2):615-623
• [15]Fairchild J F,Ruessler D S,Haverland P S,et al.Comparative sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to sixteen herbicides[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,1997,32(4):353-357
• [16]De La Broise D,Stachowski-Haberkorn S.Evaluation of the partial renewal of in situ phytoplankton microcosms and application to the impact assessment of bentazon and dimethenamid[J].Marine Pollution Buletin,2012,64(11):2480-2488
• [17]USEPA.Bentazone[EB/OL].http://www.epa.govt.nz/search-databases/Pages/ccid-details.aspx?Substance ID=4292
• [18]Schramm K W,Jaser W,Welzl G,et al.Impact of 17aethinylestradiol on the plankton in freshwater microcosmsI:Response of zooplankton and abiotic variables[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2008,69:437-452
• [19]Jaser W,Severin G F,Jütting U,et al.Effects of 17α-ethinylestradiol on the reproduction of the cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia reticulata and Sida crystalline[J].Environment International,2003,28(7):633-638
• [20]Clubbs R L,Brooks B W.Daphnia magna responses to a vertebrate estrogen receptor agonist and an antagonist:A multigenerational study[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2007,67(3):385-398
• [21]Biloir E,Péry A R R,Charles S.Integrating the lethal and sublethal effects of toxic compounds into the population dynamics of Daphnia magna:A combination of the DEBtox and matrix population models[J].Ecological Modeling,2007,203(3):204-214
• [22]Chadwick Ecological Consultants,Inc.Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium to Freshwater Crustaceans at Different Water Hardness Concentrations[R].Littleton:Chandwick Ecological Consultants,Inc.,2003
• [23]De Laender F,De Schamphelaere K A C,Vanrolleghem P A,et al.Comparing ecotoxicological effect concentrations of chemicals established in multi-species vs.single-species toxicity test systems[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2009,72(2):310-315
• [24]Wijngaarden R P A,Brock T C M,Van Den Brink P J.Threshold levels for effects of insecticides in freshwater ecosystems:A review[J].Ecotoxicology,2005,14(3):355-380
• [25]Versteeg D J,Belanger S E,Carr G J.Understanding single-species and model ecosystem sensitivity:Data-based comparison[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1999,18(6):1329-1346
• [26]Wijngaarden R P A,Cuppen J G M,Arts G H P,et al.Aquatic risk assessment of a realistic exposure to pesticides used in bulb crops:A microcosm study[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2004,23(6):1479-1498
• [27]Van den Brink P J,Crum S J H,Gylstra R,et al.Effects of a herbicide-insecticide mixture in freshwater microcosms:Risk assessment and ecological effect chain[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(1):237-249
• [28]Richards S M,Wilson C J,Johnson D J,et al.Effects of pharmaceutical mixtures in aquatic microcosms[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2004,23(4):1035-1042
• [29]Laird B D,Brain R A,Johnson D J,et al.Toxicity and hazard of a mixture of SSRIs to zooplankton communities evaluated in aquatic microcosms[J].Chemosphere,2007,69(6):949-954
• [30]Huang G L,Hou S G,Wang L,et al.Distribution and fate of nonylphenol in an aquatic microcosm[J].Water Research,2007,41(20):4630-4638
• [31]Chi J,Yang Q.Effects of Potamogeton crispus L.on the fate of phthalic acid esters in an aquatic microcosm[J].Water Research,2012,46(8):2570-2578
• [32]Zhu H,Wang Y,Tam N F Y.Microcosm study on fate of polybrominateddiphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in contaminated mangrove sediment[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,265:61-68
• [33]Watanabe K H,Lin H I,Bart Jr H L,et al.Bayesian estimation of kinetic rate constants in a food-web model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation[J].Ecological Modeling,2005,181(2):229-246
• [34]Regier N,Larras F,Bravo A G,et al.Mercury bioaccumulation in the aquatic plant Elodea nuttali in the field and in microcosm:Accumulation in shoots from the water might involve copper transporters[J].Chemosphere,2013,90(2):595-602