被动加标在水生生态风险评价中的应用——以多氯联苯分配系数的测定为例Application of Passive Dosing in Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Measuring Partition Coefficients of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
祁红学;李慧珍;游静;
摘要(Abstract):
准确的水生生态风险评价需要可靠的毒性数据,而其获取要求在一定时间范围内,水体中污染物的浓度保持恒定。对疏水性有机污染物进行水体生物毒性测试时,通常采用有机溶剂加标,然而该方式可能因为污染物的挥发和降解、容器壁吸附、生物摄取等问题,水体中污染物浓度持续下降,导致污染物的浓度-效应关系难以明确。近期为了克服这些问题,被动加标用于替代溶剂加标,通过污染物在加标体系中平衡分配来维持精确和恒定的水体浓度,同时还可通过测定加标聚合物中污染物的浓度来监测水体浓度。首先介绍了被动加标方法及其材料选择,讨论了该方法在生态风险评价中的主要应用,包括分配系数的测定、体外细胞测试、体内生物积累及毒性测试,以及沉积物毒性评价等。然后,以测定代表污染物多氯联苯在聚二甲基硅氧烷与水间的分配系数为例,详细说明被动加标的操作流程。最后,讨论了被动加标方法的优缺点,并对其在水生生态风险中的应用前景进行了展望。
关键词(KeyWords): 多氯联苯;被动加标;水体生物毒性测试;疏水性有机污染物
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金(41473106;41273120)
作者(Author): 祁红学;李慧珍;游静;
Email:
DOI:
参考文献(References):
- [1]金小伟,雷炳莉,许宜平,等.水生态基准方法学概述及建立我国水生态基准的探讨[J].生态毒理学报,2009,4(5):609-616Jin X W,Lei B L,Xu Y P,et al.Methodologies for deriving water quality criteria to protect aquatic life(ALC)and proposal for development of ALC in China:A review[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2009,4(5):609-616(in Chinese)
- [2]Li H Z,You J.Application of species sensitivity distribution in aquatic probabilistic ecological risk assessment of cypermethrin:A case study in an urban stream in South China[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2015,34(3):640-648
- [3]Mayer P,Wernsing J,Tolls J,et al.Establishing and controlling dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organics by partitioning from a solid phase[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1999,33(13):2284-2290
- [4]Di Toro D M,Zarba C S,Hansen D J,et al.Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1991,10(12):1541-1583
- [5]Smith K E C,Rein A,Trapp S,et al.Dynamic passive dosing for studying the biotransformation of hydrophobic organic chemicals:Microbial degradation as an example[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(9):4852-4860
- [6]Brown R S,Akhtar P,Akerman J,et al.Partition controlled delivery of hydrophobic substances in toxicity tests using poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS)films[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(20):4097-4102
- [7]Ter Laak T L,Durjava M,Struijs J,et al.Solid phase dosing and sampling technique to determine partition coefficients of hydrophobic chemicals in complex matrixes[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(10):3736-3742
- [8]Kwon J H,Wuethrich T,Mayer P,et al.Dynamic permeation method to determine partition coefficients of highly hydrophobic chemicals between poly(dimethylsiloxane)and water[J].Analytical Chemistry,2007,79(17):6816-6822
- [9]Bandow N,Altenburger R,Lubcke-von Varel U,et al.Partitioning-based dosing:An approach to include bioavailability in the effect-directed analysis of contaminated sediment samples[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(10):3891-3896
- [10]Mayer P,Holmstrup M.Passive dosing of soil invertebrates with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:Limited chemical activity explains toxicity cutoff[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(19):7516-7521
- [11]Adolfsson-Erici M,Akerman G,Jahnke A,et al.A flowthrough passive dosing system for continuously supplying aqueous solutions of hydrophobic chemicals to bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity tests[J].Chemosphere,2012,86(6):593-599
- [12]Butler J D,Parkerton T F,Letinski D J,et al.A novel passive dosing system for determining the toxicity of phenanthrene to early life stages of zebrafish[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,463:952-958
- [13]Perron M M,Burgess R M,Ho K T,et al.Development and evaluation of reverse polyethylene samplers for marine phase II whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluations[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2009,28(4):749-758
- [14]Lombard N J,Ghosh U,Kjelerup B,et al.Kinetics and threshold level of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl dechlorination by an organohalide respiring bacterium[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,18(8):4353-4360
- [15]Moors M,Massart D,Mc Dowall R.Analyte isolation by solid phase extraction(SPE)on silica-bonded phases:Classification and recommended practices(Technical Report)[J].Pure and Applied Chemistry,1994,66(2):277-304
- [16]Rusina T P,Smedes F,Klanova J,et al.Polymer selection for passive sampling:A comparison of critical properties[J].Chemosphere,2007,68(7):1344-1351
- [17]Booij K,Smedes F,van Weerlee E M.Spiking of performance reference compounds in low density polyethylene and silicone passive water samplers[J].Chemosphere,2002,46(8):1157-1161
- [18]Smith K E C,Oostingh G J,Mayer P.Passive dosing for producing defined and constant exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds during in vitro toxicity tests[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2010,23(1):55-65
- [19]夏欢,谢美,杨泽玉,等.多溴联苯在聚二甲基硅氧烷与水相间分配系数的固相微萃取技术测定[J].分析测试学报,2008,27(2):148-152Xia H,Xie M,Yang Z Y,et al.Determination of poly(dimethyl)siloxane-water partition coefficients for polybrominated biphenyls by solid-phase microextraction[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2008,27(2):148-152(in Chinese)
- [20]Alan I J,Harman C,Ranneklev S B,et al.Passive sampling for target and nontarget analyses of moderately polar and nonpolar substances in water[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2013,32(8):1718-1726
- [21]Smith K E,Dom N,Blust R,et al.Controlling and maintaining exposure of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic toxicity tests by passive dosing[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2010,98(1):15-24
- [22]Schmidt S N,Mayer P.Linking algal growth inhibition to chemical activity:Baseline toxicity required 1%of saturation[J].Chemosphere,2015,120:305-308
- [23]郑伟,杨曦,张金凤.水环境中有机污染物与溶解性有机质相互作用研究[J].环境保护科学,2007(6):17-20Zhen W,Yang X,Zhang J F.Study on interaction of organic polutants and dissolved organic matter in aquatic environment[J].Environmental Protection Science,2007(6):17-20(in Chinese)
- [24]Endo S,Pfennigsdorff A,Goss K-U.Salting-out effect in aqueous Na Cl solutions:Trends with size and polarity of solute molecules[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(3):1496-1503
- [25]Wang C,Lei Y D,Endo S,et al.Measuring and modeling the salting-out effect in ammonium sulfate solutions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(22):13238-13245
- [26]Gouliarmou V,Smith K E C,de Jonge L W,et al.Measuring binding and speciation of hydrophobic organic chemicals at controlled freely dissolved concentrations and without phase separation[J].Analytical Chemistry,2012,84(3):1601-1608
- [27]De Jonge L W,Kjaegaard C,Moldrup P.Coloids and colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants in soils[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2004,3(2):321-325
- [28]Tejeda-Agredano M-C,Mayer P,Ortega-Calvo J-J.The effect of humic acids on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons depends on the exposure regime[J]. Environmental Pollution,2014,184:435-442
- [29]Zhao J,Wang Z,Ghosh S,et al.Phenanthrene binding by humic acid-protein complexes as studied by passive dosing technique[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184:145-153
- [30]Zhao J,Wang Z,Zhao Q,et al.Adsorption of phenanthrene on multilayer graphene as affected by surfactant and exfoliation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(1):331-339
- [31]Murphy M B,林忠华,林群声.体内和体外生物测定在环境监测中的应用[J].化学进展,2009,21(2/3):483-491Murphy M B,Lam J C W,Lam P K S.Use of in vivo and in vitro bioassays for environmental monitoring[J].Progress in Chemistry,2009,21(2/3):483-491(in Chinese)
- [32]Ter Laak T L,Busser F J,Hermens J L.Poly(dimethylsiloxane)as passive sampler material for hydrophobic chemicals:Effect of chemical properties and sampler characteristics on partitioning and equilibration times[J].Analytical Chemistry,2008,80(10):3859-3866
- [33]Styrishave B,Mortensen M,Henning Krogh P,et al.Solidphase microextraction(SPME)as a tool to predict the bioavailability and toxicity of pyrene to the springtail,Folsomia candida,under various soil conditions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(4):1332-1336
- [34]胡霞林,刘景富,卢士燕,等.环境污染物的自由溶解态浓度与生物有效性[J].化学进展,2009,20(2/3):514-523Hu X L,Liu J F,Lu S Y,et al.Freely dissolved concentration and bioavailability of environmental polutants[J].Progress in Chemistry,2009,21(2/3):514-526(in Chinese)
- [35]陈珊,许宜平,王子健.有机污染物生物有效性的评价方法[J].环境化学,2011,30(1):158-164Chen S,Xu Y P,Wang Z J.Methods for evaluating the bioavailability of organic contaminants in environments[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(1):158-164(in Chinese)
- [36]李慧珍,游静.被动采样技术在测定沉积物中有机污染物的生物可利用性和毒性中的研究进展[J].色谱,2013,31(7):620-625Li H Z,You J.Advances in using passive sampling techniques to measure bioavailability and toxicity of organic contaminants in sediment[J].Chinese Journal of Chromatography,2013,31(7):620-625(in Chinese)
- [37]Mayer P,Tolls J,Hermens L,et al.Equilibrium sampling devices[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(9):184A-191A
- [38]Di Filippo E L,Eganhouse R P.Assessment of PDMSwater partition coefficients:Implications for passive environmental sampling of hydrophobic organic compounds[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(18):6917-6925
- [39]Booij P,Lamoree M H,Leonards P E G,et al.Development of a polydimethylsiloxane film-based passive dosing method in the in vitro DR-CALUX(R)assay[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30(4):898-904
- [40]Kramer N I,Busser F J,Oosterwijk M T,et al.Development of a partition-controlled dosing system for cell assays[J].Chemical Research in Toxicology,2010,23(11):1806-1814
- [41]Seiler T B,Best N,Fernqvist M M,et al.PAH toxicity at aqueous solubility in the fish embryo test with Danio rerio using passive dosing[J].Chemosphere,2014,112:77-84
- [42]Smith K E C,Heringa M B,Uytewaal M,et al.The dosing determines mutagenicity of hydrophobic compounds in the Ames II assay with metabolic transformation:Passive dosing versus solvent spiking[J].Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis,2013,750(1-2):12-18
- [43]Roh J Y,Lee H,Kwon J H.Changes in the expression of CYP35A family genes in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans under controlled exposure to chlorpyrifos using passive dosing[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(17):10475-10481
- [44]Mayer P,Toraeng L,Glaesner N,et al.Silicone membrane equilibrator:Measuring chemical activity of nonpolar chemicals with poly(dimethylsiloxane)microtubes immersed directly in tissue and lipids[J].Analytical Chemistry,2009,81(4):1536-1542
- [45]Engraff M,Solere C,Smith K E C,et al.Aquatic toxicity of PAHs and PAH mixtures at saturation to benthic amphipods:Linking toxic effects to chemical activity[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2011,102(3-4):142-149
- [46]Schmidt S N,Smith K E C,Holmstrup M,et al.Uptake and toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in terrestrial springtails:Studying bioconcentration kinetics and linking toxicity to chemical activity[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2013,32(2):361-369
- [47]Schmidt S N,Holmstrup M,Smith K E C,et al.Passive dosing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)mixtures to terrestrial springtails:Linking mixture toxicity to chemical activities,equilibrium lipid concentrations,and toxic units[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(13):7020-7027
- [48]Rojo-Nieto E,Smith K E C,Perales J A,et al.Recreating the seawater mixture composition of HOCs in toxicity tests with Artemia franciscana by passive dosing[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2012,120-121:27-34
- [49]Smith K E C,Schmicdt S N,Dom N,et al.Baseline toxic mixtures of non-toxic chemicals:"Solubility addition"increases exposure for solid hydrophobic chemicals[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(4):2026-2033
- [50]Holmstrup M,Slotsbo S,Schmidt S N,et al.Physiological and molecular responses of springtails exposed to phenanthrene and drought[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184:370-376
- [51]Schmidt S N,Holmstrup M,Damgaard C,et al.Simultaneous control of phenanthrene and drought by dual exposure system:The degree of synergistic interactions in springtails was exposure dependent[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48(16):9737-9744
- [52]Heinis L J,Highland T L,Mount D R.Method for testing the aquatic toxicity of sediment extracts for use in identifying organic toxicants in sediments[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(23):6256-6262
- [53]Bandow N,Altenburger R,Streck G,et al.Effect-directed analysis of contaminated sediments with partition-based dosing using green algae cell multiplication inhibition[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(19):7343-7349
- [54]Brack W,Bandow N,Schwab K,et al.Bioavailability in effect-directed analysis of organic toxicants in sediments[J].Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2009,28(5):543-549
- [55]Schwab K,Altenburger R,Luebcke-von Varel U,et al.Effect-directed analysis of sediment-associated algal toxicants at selected hot spots in the River Elbe basin with a special focus on bioaccessibility[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2009,28(7):1506-1517
- [56]Birch H,Gouliarmou V,Lutzhoft H-C H,et al.Passive dosing to determine the speciation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in aqueous samples[J].Analytical Chemistry,2010,82(3):1142-1146
- [57]Hawker D W,Connel D W.Octanol water partition-coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1988,22(4):382-387
- [58]Yang Z Y,Zeng E Y,Xia H,et al.Application of a static solid-phase microextraction procedure combined with liquid-liquid extraction to determine poly(dimethyl)siloxane-water partition coefficients for selected polychlorinated biphenyls[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2006,1116(1-2):240-247
- [59]Yang Z Y,Zhao Y Y,Tao F M,et al.Physical origin for the nonlinear sorption of very hydrophobic organic chemicals in a membrane-like polymer film[J].Chemosphere,2007,69(10):1518-1524
- [60]Gerofke A,Komp P,Mc Lachlan M S.Stir bar contamination:A method to establish and maintain constant water concentrations of poorly water-soluble chemicals in bioconcentration experiments[J].Water Research,2004,38:3411-3419